Table 6. Standardised LASSO (forward) regression coefficients (Beta, β) for significant predictors.

Significant predictors#	SIES-RP (n = 231)	SCES-RP (n = 231)	SBS-RP (n = 232)	CBRS (n = 216)
	Beta (β)	Beta (β)	Beta (β)	Beta (β)
Current visa category in Australia	0.26**	-	-	-
Duration in Australia	−0.24**	-		−0.24**
Language spoken at home	-	−0.15*
Highest level of education completed	-	-	−0.15*	−0.17**
Employment status	-	0.16**	-	−0.14*
Number of PMLDs	-	−0.18**	−0.16*	-
Psychological distress (K10 score)	−0.22**	-	−0.23**	-
School C#	0.24**	-	-	-
School D#	0.27**		0.16**
Value of R-square	0.241**	0.118**	0.166**	0.124**
Value of adjusted R-square	0.223**	0.097**	0.147**	0.110**

Predictor variables used in LASSO regression analysis are coded as:

Sex: 0 = Male, 1 = Female;

Age (parent): individual age ranges 26 years to 63 years;

Marital status: 0 = Married, 1 = Divorced/Separated/Widowed;

Country of birth: 0 = Iraq, 1 = Syria and others;

Current visa category in Australia: 0 = Humanitarian/Family-sponsored Refugee, 1 = Permanent Resident/Citizen/Others;

Duration of living in Australia: 0 = Under 2 years, 1 = 2 to 5 years, 3 = More than 5 years;

Language spoken at home (parent): 0 = Arabic, 1 = Others;

Level of English efficiency (parent): 0 = A little/Not at all, 1 = Well/Very Well;

Highest level of education attained: 0 = Up to HSC, 1 = Diploma and University degree;

Employment category: 0 = Unemployed/others, 1 = Employed;

Family income (annual): 0 = up to $37,000, 1 = $37,001 and above;

Number of TEs: total counts of premigration traumatic events (0 to 23);

Number of PMLDs: total counts of PMLDs (0 to 25; treated as continuous);

Psychological distress (score): Total score of 10 individual items (K10 score) (10 to 46; treated as continuous);

^#For 5 enrolled schools, 4 dichotomous dummy variable created: named as School A, School B, School C, School D where School E considered as reference category.

Outcome variables for each LASSO regression analysis are as follows:

SIES-RP subscale score;

SCES-RP subscale score;

SBS-RP subscale score;

CBRS subscale score.

*Significant at p < 0.05.

**Significant at p < 0.01.

CBRS, Cultural Broker Relationship Scale; HSC, xxxx; K10, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; PMLD, postmigration living difficulty; SBS-RP, School Belonging Scale-Refugee Parent; SCES-RP, School Community Engagement Scale-Refugee Parent; SIES-RP, School Internal Engagement Scale-Refugee Parent; TE, traumatic event.