Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample by frailty status: robust, prefrail, and frail.
| Characteristics | Overall | Frailty status | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robust | Prefrail | Frail | p value | ||
| N (%) | 251 (100) | 96 (38.2) | 127 (50.6) | 28 (11.2) | |
| Age (year, mean (SD)) | 84.6 (4.2) | 83.6 (4.0) | 84.8 (4.1) | 87.2(4.5) | <0.01 |
| Female | 172 (68.5) | 54 (56.2) | 95 (74.8) | 23 (82.1) | <0.01 |
| Uncompleted high school | 87 (34.7) | 24 (25.0) | 48 (37.8) | 15 (53.6) | 0.01 |
| Married | 140 (55.8) | 61 (63.5) | 65 (51.2) | 14 (50.0) | 0.15 |
| Farmers | 214 (85.3) | 81 (84.4) | 109 (85.8) | 24 (85.7) | 0.95 |
| BMI levels | 0.01 | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 74 (29.5) | 18 (18.7) | 50 (39.4) | 6 (21.4) | |
| Normal weight (18.5-22.9 kg/m2) | 132 (52.6) | 59 (61.5) | 57 (44.9) | 16 (57.2) | |
| Overweight (≥23 kg/m2) | 45 (17.9) | 19 (19.8) | 20 (15.7) | 6 (21.4) | |
| Current smoking | 18 (7.2) | 12 (12.5) | 5 (3.9) | 1 (3.6) | 0.04 |
| Current drinking alcohol | 53 (21.1) | 27 (28.1) | 22 (17.3) | 4 (14.3) | 0.09 |
| Any chronic diseases | 151 (60.2) | 55 (57.3) | 80 (63.0) | 16 (57.1) | 0.65 |
| Living alone | 12 (4.8) | 1 (1.0) | 10 (7.8) | 1 (3.6) | 0.06 |
| ≥3 IADL impairment | 162 (64.5) | 44 (41.1) | 94 (67.1) | 24 (85.7) | <0.01 |
BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation; IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.