Table 1.
Epidemiological studies about the associations of CVD and prostatic diseasesa.
| Author (year) | Country | Study design | Disease diagnosis | Sample size | Age (year) | Main outcomes | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular diseases | Prostatic diseases | |||||||
| Bourke J B, et al. 1966 | UK | Case control | HP (SBP > 200 mmHg and DBP > 110 mmHg) | BPH (diagnosed histologically) | 432 | 65-69 | The incidence of HP in patients who were operated upon for BPH was significantly greater than control series. | [11] |
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| Sugaya K, et al. 2003 | Japan | Cohort study | HP (SBP ≥140 mmHg or DBP>90 mmHg) | BPH (digital rectal examination and ultrasonography) | 42 | NT group: 69 ± 8 HT group: 71 ± 11 |
HP may worsen LUTS. | [12] |
|
| ||||||||
| Michel M C, et al. 2004 | Germany | Case control | HP (DBP > 90 mmHg or with history of hypertension or receiving antihypertension medication) | BPH (diagnosed by urologist) | 9857 | Mean: 65.1 | Patients with HP had more severe BPH symptoms and that more severe BPH symptoms are associated with a high HP. | [13] |
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| Chen I H, et al. 2012 | China | Case series | HP (the history of hypertension) | BPH (IPSS > 8 and PV > 18 cm3) | 130 | 60.9 ± 10.8 | The more cardiovascular risk factors in patients with BPH, the greater was the prostate vascular resistance. | [14] |
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| Hwang E C, et al. 2015 | South Korea | Case control | HP (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg or with a previous diagnosis of hypertension and receiving medical treatment) | BPH (transurethral resection of the prostate) | 295 | 69.5 ± 7.0 | Men with HP were more likely to have greater LUTS and larger prostate volume. | [15] |
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| Zeng XT, et al. 2018 | China | Cross-sectional study | HP (NR) | BPH (NR) | 350 | NT group: 71.5 ± 7.4 HT group: 70.7 ± 7.3 |
HP had no significant association with prostate volume. | [16] |
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| Navin S, et al. 2017 | US | Cross-sectional study | HP (NR) | PCa (NR) | 3200 | 51-76 | Patients with PCa had a significantly higher prevalence of HP than the general population. | [17] |
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| Dickerman B A, et al. 2018 | Iceland | Cohort study | HP (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg or taking anti-hypertensives) | PCa (morphologically verified) | 9097 | 52.1 ± 8.4 | This was a positive association between midlife hypertension and aggressive PCa. | [18] |
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| Weisman K M, et al. 2000 | US | Case control | CHD (included the history of coronary artery bypass graft, coronary angioplasty, and myocardial infarction) | BPH (prostate biopsy and transurethral resection of the prostate) | 140 | 65-80 | Patients without BPH had a lower frequency of CHD than those with BPH. | [19] |
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| Neugut AI, et al. 1998 | US | Case control | CHD (the history of myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft, positive coronary angiogram, or positive exercise stress test) | PCa (diagnosed pathologically) | 508 | Case group: 69.6 ± 9.1 Control group: 68.1 ± 9.0 |
The individuals with CHD are at elevated risk for PCa. | [20] |
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| Stamatiou KN, et al. 2007 | Greece | Case serials | CHD (pathologic examination) | PCa (histological features) | 116 | 55-98 | There could be an association between CHD and PCa. | [21] |
| Thomas JA 2nd, et al. 2012 | US | Clinical study | CHD (post history) | PCa (biopsy and PSA) | 6729 | 50-75 | CHD was significantly associated with PCa diagnosis. | [22] |
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| Omalu BI, et al. 2013 | US | Case serials | CHD (two forensic pathologists and a senior pathology resident) | PCa (two genitourinary pathologists for histologic) | 37 | 65.8 (50-86) | There was no association between degree of CHD and PCa. | [23] |
aHP: hypertension; BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; NT: normotensive; HT: hypertensive; PCa: prostate cancer; IPSS: international prostate symptom score; LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms; NR: not reported; PV: prostate volume; CHD: coronary heart disease.