Table 1.

Commercial recombinant human insulin/insulin analogue products and their production host systems

Insulin type	Structure	Action	Host system	Manufacturer	Brands
Human insulin	Identical to native human insulin	Fast/short/intermediate/long-acting depending on formulation	E. coli	Berlin-Chemie	Berlinsulin
				Bioton	Gensulin
				Eli Lilly & Co	Huminsulin, Humulin
				Landsteiner Scientific	Bonglixan
				Sanofi	Insulin Human Winthrop, Insuman
				SciGen Ltd	Scilin
				Tonghua Dongbao	Gansulin
			H. polymorpha	Wockhardt	Wosulin
			P. pastoris	Biocon	Insugen
			S. cerevisiae	Novo Nordisk	Actraphane, Actrapid, Insulatard, Mixtard, Monotard, Novolin, Protaphane, Ultratard, Velosulin
		Inhalable; Ultra rapid-acting	E. coli	MannKind	Afrezza
Insulin lispro	Engineered: inversion of native B28–B29 proline-lysine sequence	Fast-acting	E. coli	Eli Lilly & Co	Humalog, Liprolog
				Sanofi	Admelog
		Short-acting	E. coli	Gan & Lee	Prandilin
Insulin glargine	Engineered: A 21 asparagine replaced by glycine and B chain elongated by two arginines	Long-acting	E. coli	ACI Limited	Glarine
				Eli Lilly & Co	Abasaglar, Basaglar
				Gan & Lee	Basalin
				Getz Pharma	Basagine
				Incepta Pharmaceuticals	Vibrenta
				Merck	Lusduna Nexvue
				Sanofi	Lantus, Optisulin, Toujeo
				Wockhardt	Glaritus
			P. pastoris	Biocon	Basalog
Insulin aspart	Engineered: B28 proline replaced by aspartic acid	Fast-acting	S. cerevisiae	Novo Nordisk	NovoRapid, Novolog, Fiasp
Insulin glulisine	Engineered: B3 asparagine is replaced by a lysine and B29 lysine is replaced by glutamic acid	Fast-acting	E. coli	Sanofi	Apidra
Insulin detemir	Engineered: devoid of B30 threonine and a C14 fatty acid is covalently attached to B29 lysine	Long-acting	S. cerevisiae	Novo Nordisk	Levemir
Insulin degludec	Engineered: devoid of B30 threonine and hexadecanedioic acid via gamma-l-glutamyl spacer is conjugated to B29 lysine	Ultra-long acting	S. cerevisiae	Novo Nordisk	Tresiba