Fig. 2.

Posterior distributions of $T_k$ and $T_k^{\prime }$, the pre-Covid and post-Covid HAs for yellow cards. Smaller (i.e., more negative) values of $T_k$ and $T_k^{\prime }$ indicate larger home advantages. Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, the English League Championship and Greek Super League had the largest home advantages for yellow cards, while the Swedish Allsvenskan and Turkish Super Lig had the smallest home advantages for yellow cards. Across the 17 leagues in the sample, a range of differences exist between posterior distributions of $T_k$ and $T_k^{\prime }$