Table 3.
Breakdown of leagues used in analysis
| League | Country | Tier | Restart date | Pre-Covid games | Post-Covid games | # of Team-seasons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German Bundesliga | Germany | 1 | 2020-05-16 | 1448 | 82 | 90 |
| German 2. Bundesliga | Germany | 2 | 2020-05-16 | 1449 | 81 | 90 |
| Danish Superliga | Denmark | 1 | 2020-05-31 | 1108 | 74 | 68 |
| Austrian Bundesliga | Austria | 1 | 2020-06-02 | 867 | 63 | 54 |
| Portuguese Liga | Portugal | 1 | 2020-06-03 | 1440 | 90 | 90 |
| Greek Super League | Greece | 1 | 2020-06-06 | 1168 | 58 | 78 |
| Spanish La Liga 2 | Spain | 2 | 2020-06-10 | 2233 | 129 | 110 |
| Spanish La Liga | Spain | 1 | 2020-06-11 | 1790 | 110 | 100 |
| Turkish Super Lig | Turkey | 1 | 2020-06-13 | 1460 | 70 | 90 |
| Swedish Allsvenskan | Sweden | 1 | 2020-06-14 | 960 | 198 | 80 |
| Norwegian Eliteserien | Norway | 1 | 2020-06-16 | 960 | 175 | 80 |
| English Premier League | England | 1 | 2020-06-17 | 1808 | 92 | 100 |
| Italy Serie B | Italy | 2 | 2020-06-17 | 2046 | 111 | 105 |
| Swiss Super League | Switzerland | 1 | 2020-06-19 | 836 | 65 | 50 |
| Russian Premier Liga | Russia | 1 | 2020-06-19 | 1136 | 64 | 80 |
| English League Championship | England | 2 | 2020-06-20 | 2673 | 113 | 120 |
| Italy Serie A | Italy | 1 | 2020-06-20 | 1776 | 124 | 100 |
Data consist of 5 most recent seasons between 2015 and 2020. # of games corresponds to sample sizes for goals model. Due to different levels of missingness between goals and yellow cards in the data, 5 leagues have a smaller # of games in their respective pre-Covid yellow card sample, while 1 league has a smaller # of games in its post-Covid yellow card sample. Restart date refers the date that the league resumed play after an interrupted 2019–2020 season or delayed start of 2020 season (Norway/Sweden)