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. 2021 Jul 27;107(1-2):205–232. doi: 10.1007/s10182-021-00413-9

Table 3.

Breakdown of leagues used in analysis

League Country Tier Restart date Pre-Covid games Post-Covid games # of Team-seasons
German Bundesliga Germany 1 2020-05-16 1448 82 90
German 2. Bundesliga Germany 2 2020-05-16 1449 81 90
Danish Superliga Denmark 1 2020-05-31 1108 74 68
Austrian Bundesliga Austria 1 2020-06-02 867 63 54
Portuguese Liga Portugal 1 2020-06-03 1440 90 90
Greek Super League Greece 1 2020-06-06 1168 58 78
Spanish La Liga 2 Spain 2 2020-06-10 2233 129 110
Spanish La Liga Spain 1 2020-06-11 1790 110 100
Turkish Super Lig Turkey 1 2020-06-13 1460 70 90
Swedish Allsvenskan Sweden 1 2020-06-14 960 198 80
Norwegian Eliteserien Norway 1 2020-06-16 960 175 80
English Premier League England 1 2020-06-17 1808 92 100
Italy Serie B Italy 2 2020-06-17 2046 111 105
Swiss Super League Switzerland 1 2020-06-19 836 65 50
Russian Premier Liga Russia 1 2020-06-19 1136 64 80
English League Championship England 2 2020-06-20 2673 113 120
Italy Serie A Italy 1 2020-06-20 1776 124 100

Data consist of 5 most recent seasons between 2015 and 2020. # of games corresponds to sample sizes for goals model. Due to different levels of missingness between goals and yellow cards in the data, 5 leagues have a smaller # of games in their respective pre-Covid yellow card sample, while 1 league has a smaller # of games in its post-Covid yellow card sample. Restart date refers the date that the league resumed play after an interrupted 2019–2020 season or delayed start of 2020 season (Norway/Sweden)