Table 1.

Special population considerations and recommendations

IBD	There is no apparent increased risk of COVID-19 infection owing to IBD, but oral corticosteroids do increase the risk of severe COVID-19.
	There is no difference in disease severity between ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, or unspecified IBD.
	Immunosuppression is safe and regimens should not be changed prophylactically, except to minimize steroid use.
	COVID-19 vaccine is strongly recommended for patients with IBD.
Chronic liver disease	There is significantly increased risk of COVID-19 infection, particularly in patients with MAFLD.
	The treatment of COVID-19 infection is complicated by the hepatotoxic effects of medications.
	The incidence of MAFLD likely increased during the pandemic owing to decreased exercise.
Liver transplant	There is an increased risk of COVID-19 infection, however it is less than patients with chronic liver disease.
	Immunosuppression is safe and regimens should not be changed prophylactically, except to minimize steroid use.
	Vaccination is recommended for recipients, candidates, and close contacts.