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. 2021 Jul 26;11:15208. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94747-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Branched short chain fatty acids (isobutyrate, iC4 and isovalerate, iC5) per urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR). Both iC4 (A) and iC5 (B) correlated with UACR (iC4: R² = 0.03, p = 0.02; iC5: R² = 0.05, p = 0.004) in the unadjusted as well as in the adjusted model (iC4: R² = 0.35, p = 0.03; iC5: R² = 0.36, p = 0.005). The analyses were adjusted with age, sex, 24-h systolic blood pressure and estimated glomerular filtration rate. FM fecal mass. 95% CI around the regression line is shown in grey.