Table 2.
Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD and suicidal behavior in the students.
| Depressiona | Anxietyb | Insomniac | PTSDd | Suicidal behavior | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (no. [%]) | Participants (no. [%]) | Participants (no. [%]) | Participants (no. [%]) | Participants (no. [%]) | |||||||||||||
| Variable | Normal | Mild | Moderate to severe | P-valuee | Normal | Mild | Moderate to severe | P-valuee | Normal | Subthreshold | Moderate to severe | P-valuee | Normal | Positive | p value | p value | |
| Overall | 6,581 (58.48) |
2,970 (26.39) |
1,703 (15.13) |
7,588 (67.42) |
2,633 (23.40) |
1,033 (9.18) |
7,315 (65.00) |
3,181 (28.27) |
758 (6.74) |
10,302 (91.54) |
952 (8.46) |
229 (2.03) |
|||||
| Gender | |||||||||||||||||
| Female | 4,122 (57.25) |
1,978 (27.47) |
1,100 (15.28) |
<0.01 | 4,802 (66.69) |
1,745 (24.24) |
653 (9.07) |
0.03 | 4,676 (64.94) |
2,050 (28.47) |
474 (6.58) |
0.87 | 6,660 (92.50) |
540 (7.50) |
<0.01 | 172 (2.39) |
<0.01 |
| Male | 2,459 (60.66) |
992 (24.47) |
603 (14.87) |
2,786 (68.72) |
888 (21.90) |
380 (9.37) |
2,639 (65.10) |
1,131 (27.90) |
284 (7.01) |
3,642 (89.84) |
412 (10.16) |
57 (1.41) |
|||||
| Living area# | |||||||||||||||||
| Wuhan | 839 (59.84) |
340 (24.25) |
223 (15.91) |
0.28 | 956 (68.19) |
303 (21.61) |
143 (10.20) |
0.23 | 911 (64.98) |
385 (27.46) |
106 (7.56) |
0.42 | 1,258 (89.73) |
144 (10.27) |
0.04 | 41 (2.92) |
0.02 |
| Hubei Province outside Wuhan | 3,243 (58.35) |
1,520 (27.35) |
795 (14.30) |
0.88 | 3,779 (67.99) |
1,305 (23.48) |
474 (8.53) |
0.10 | 3,665 (65.94) |
1,552 (27.92) |
341 (6.14) |
0.03 | 5,113 (91.99) |
445 (8.01) |
0.42 | 106 (1.91) |
0.99 |
| Other provinces | 2,499 (58.20) |
1,110 (25.85) |
685 (15.95) |
2,853 (66.44) |
1,025 (23.87) |
416 (9.69) |
2,739 (63.79) |
1,244 (28.97) |
311 (7.24) |
3,931 (91.55) |
363 (8.45) |
82 (1.91) |
|||||
| Are you graduates? | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 226 (55.39) |
99 (24.26) |
83 (20.34) |
0.20 | 263 (64.46) |
84 (20.59) |
61 (14.95) |
0.19 | 243 (59.56) |
124 (30.39) |
41 (10.05) |
0.02 | 340 (83.33) |
68 (16.67) |
<0.01 | 17 (4.17) |
<0.01 |
| No | 6,355 (58.59) |
2,871 (26.47) |
1,620 (14.94) |
7,325 (67.54) |
2,549 (23.50) |
972 (8.96) |
7,072 (65.20) |
3,057 (28.19) |
717 (6.61) |
9,962 (91.85) |
884 (8.15) |
212 (1.95) |
|||||
| Relationship with classmates and teachers# | |||||||||||||||||
| Strained relationship | 12 (29.27) |
9 (21.95) |
20 (48.78) |
<0.01 | 18 (43.90) |
11 (26.83) |
12 (29.27) |
<0.01 | 12 (29.27) |
16 (39.02) |
13 (31.71) |
<0.01 | 27 (65.85) |
14 (34.15) |
<0.01 | 6 (14.63) |
<0.01 |
| General relationship | 2,304 (48.42) |
1,482 (31.15) |
972 (20.43) |
<0.01 | 2,804 (58.93) |
1,383 (29.07) |
571 (12.00) |
<0.01 | 2,733 (57.44) |
1,613 (33.90) |
412 (8.66) |
<0.01 | 4,230 (88.90) |
528 (11.10) |
<0.01 | 126 (2.65) |
<0.01 |
| Harmonious relationship | 4,265 (66.07) |
1,479 (22.91) |
711 (11.01) |
4,766 (73.83) |
1,239 (19.19) |
450 (6.97) |
4,570 (70.80) |
1,552 (24.04) |
333 (5.16) |
6,045 (93.65) |
410 (6.35) |
97 (1.50) |
|||||
| Intimacy with parents# | |||||||||||||||||
| Distant | 37 (28.03) |
36 (27.27) |
59 (44.70) |
<0.01 | 48 (36.36) |
41 (31.06) |
43 (32.58) |
<0.01 | 46 (34.85) |
52 (39.39) |
34 (25.76) |
<0.01 | 91 (68.94) |
41 (31.06) |
<0.01 | 17 (12.88) |
<0.01 |
| General | 1,461 (43.94) |
1,041 (31.31) |
823 (24.75) |
<0.01 | 1,813 (54.53) |
1,025 (30.83) |
487 (14.65) |
<0.01 | 1,780 (53.53) |
1,208 (36.33) |
337 (10.14) |
<0.01 | 2,857 (85.92) |
468 (14.08) |
<0.01 | 128 (3.85) |
<0.01 |
| Close | 5,083 (65.19) |
1,893 (24.28) |
821 (10.53) |
5,727 (73.45) |
1,567 (20.10) |
503 (6.45) |
5,489 (70.40) |
1,921 (24.64) |
387 (4.96) |
7,354 (94.32) |
443 (5.68) |
84 (1.08) |
|||||
| Positive individual history of mental illness | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 915 (31.96) |
1,033 (36.08) |
915 (31.96) |
<0.01 | 1,229 (42.93) |
1,017 (35.52) |
617 (21.55) |
<0.01 | 1,130 (39.47) |
1,248 (43.59) |
485 (16.94) |
<0.01 | 2,316 (80.89) |
547 (19.11) |
<0.01 | 143 (4.99) |
<0.01 |
| No | 5,666 (67.52) |
1,937 (23.08) |
788 (9.39) |
6,359 (75.78) |
1,616 (19.26) |
416 (4.96) |
6,185 (73.71) |
1,933 (23.04) |
273 (3.25) |
7,986 (95.17) |
405 (4.83) |
86 (1.02) |
|||||
| Positive family history of mental illness# | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 155 (41.11) |
117 (31.03) |
105 (27.85) |
<0.01 | 180 (47.75) |
124 (32.89) |
73 (19.36) |
<0.01 | 196 (51.99) |
130 (34.48) |
51 (13.53) |
<0.01 | 296 (78.51) |
81 (21.49) |
<0.01 | 17 (4.51) |
<0.01 |
| Unknown | 663 (41.23) |
541 (33.64) |
404 (25.12) |
<0.01 | 848 (52.74) |
491 (30.53) |
269 (16.73) |
<0.01 | 866 (53.86) |
565 (35.14) |
177 (11.01) |
<0.01 | 1,367 (85.01) |
241 (14.99) |
<0.01 | 57 (3.54) |
<0.01 |
| No | 5,763 (62.17) |
2,312 (24.94) |
1,194 (12.88) |
6,560 (70.77) |
2,018 (21.77) |
691 (7.45) |
6,253 (67.46) |
2,486 (26.82) |
530 (5.72) |
8,639 (93.20) |
630 (6.80) |
155 (1.67) |
|||||
|
Are you infected with COVID-19 (confirmed or suspected cases or close contacts)? | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 21 (27.63) |
18 (23.68) |
37 (48.68) |
<0.01 | 25 (32.89) |
24 (31.58) |
27 (35.53) |
<0.01 | 26 (34.21) |
27 (35.53) |
23 (30.26) |
<0.01 | 48 (63.16) |
28 (36.84) |
<0.01 | 5 (6.58) |
0.02 |
| No | 6,560 (58.69) |
2,952 (26.41) |
1,666 (14.90) |
7,563 (67.66) |
2,609 (23.34) |
1,006 (9.00) |
7,289 (65.21) |
3,154 (28.22) |
735 (6.58) |
10,254 (91.73) |
924 (8.27) |
224 (2.00) |
|||||
| Stress during COVID-19 pandemic# | |||||||||||||||||
| High | 853 (38.17) |
702 (31.41) |
680 (30.43) |
<0.01 | 1,063 (47.56) |
691 (30.92) |
481 (21.52) |
<0.01 | 1,053 (47.11) |
848 (37.94) |
334 (14.94) |
<0.01 | 1,802 (80.63) |
433 (19.37) |
<0.01 | 122 (5.46) |
<0.01 |
| Moderate | 2,070 (51.43) |
1,311 (32.57) |
644 (16.00) |
<0.01 | 2,453 (60.94) |
1,224 (30.41) |
348 (8.65) |
<0.01 | 2,398 (59.58) |
1,384 (34.39) |
243 (6.04) |
<0.01 | 3,696 (91.83) |
329 (8.17) |
<0.01 | 78 (1.94) |
<0.01 |
| Low | 3,658 (73.25) |
957 (19.16) |
379 (7.59) |
4,072 (81.54) |
718 (14.38) |
204 (4.08) |
3,864 (77.37) |
949 (19.00) |
181 (3.62) |
4,804 (96.20) |
190 (3.80) |
29 (0.58) |
|||||
| Changes in lifestyle during COVID-19 pandemic? | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 4,409 (53.26) |
2,433 (29.39) |
1,437 (17.36) |
<0.01 | 5,224 (63.10) |
2,185 (26.39) |
870 (10.51) |
<0.01 | 4,988 (60.25) |
2,631 (31.78) |
660 (7.97) |
<0.01 | 7,477 (90.31) |
802 (9.69) |
<0.01 | 200 (2.42) |
<0.01 |
| No | 2,172 (73.01) |
537 (18.05) |
266 (8.94) |
2,364 (79.46) |
448 (15.06) |
163 (5.48) |
2,327 (78.22) |
550 (18.49) |
98 (3.29) |
2,825 (94.96) |
150 (5.04) |
29 (0.97) |
|||||
| Alcohol use during COVID-19 pandemic | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 306 (46.15) |
190 (28.66) |
167 (25.19) |
<0.01 | 380 (57.32) |
161 (24.28) |
122 (18.40) |
<0.01 | 355 (53.54) |
216 (32.58) |
92 (13.88) |
<0.01 | 553 (83.41) |
110 (16.59) |
<0.01 | 35 (5.28) |
<0.01 |
| No | 6,275 (59.25) |
2,780 (26.25) |
1,536 (14.50) |
7,208 (68.06) |
2,472 (23.34) |
911 (8.60) |
6,960 (65.72) |
2,965 (28.00) |
666 (6.29) |
9,749 (92.05) |
842 (7.95) |
194 (1.83) |
|||||
| Tobacco use during COVID-19 pandemic | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 206 (48.58) |
111 (26.18) |
107 (25.24) |
<0.01 | 244 (57.55) |
99 (23.35) |
81 (19.10) |
<0.01 | 241 (56.84) |
124 (29.25) |
59 (13.92) |
<0.01 | 349 (82.31) |
75 (17.69) |
<0.01 | 16 (3.77) |
0.01 |
| No | 6,375 (58.86) |
2,859 (26.40) |
1,596 (14.74) |
7,344 (67.81) |
2,534 (23.40) |
952 (8.79) |
7,074 (65.32) |
3,057 (28.23) |
699 (6.45) |
9,953 (91.90) |
877 (8.10) |
213 (1.97) |
|||||
| Have you learned about some mental health knowledge during COVID-19 pandemic? | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 4,006 (59.38) |
1,802 (26.71) |
938 (13.90) |
0.02 | 4,598 (68.16) |
1,602 (23.75) |
546 (8.09) |
0.04 | 4,439 (65.80) |
1,883 (27.91) |
424 (6.29) |
0.03 | 6,229 (92.34) |
517 (7.66) |
<0.01 | 99 (2.20) |
0.32 |
| No | 2,575 (57.12) |
1,168 (25.91) |
765 (16.97) |
2,990 (66.33) |
1,031 (22.87) |
487 (10.80) |
2,876 (63.80) |
1,298 (28.79) |
334 (7.41) |
4,073 (90.35) |
435 (9.65) |
130 (1.93) |
|||||
| Do you engage in regular physical exercise during COVID-19 pandemic? | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 3,018 (64.27) |
1,130 (24.06) |
548 (11.67) |
<0.01 | 3,380 (71.98) |
970 (20.66) |
346 (7.37) |
<0.01 | 3,299 (70.25) |
1,157 (24.64) |
240 (5.11) |
<0.01 | 4,365 (92.95) |
331 (7.05) |
<0.01 | 84 (1.79) |
0.12 |
| No | 3,563 (54.33) |
1,840 (28.06) |
1,155 (17.61) |
4,208 (64.17) |
1,663 (25.36) |
687 (10.48) |
4,016 (61.24) |
2,024 (30.86) |
518 (7.90) |
5,937 (90.53) |
621 (9.47) |
145 (2.21) |
|||||
| Symptoms of depression | |||||||||||||||||
| Normal | — | — | — | 6,219 (94.50) |
346 (5.26) |
16 (0.24) |
<0.01 | 5,597 (85.05) |
934 (14.19) |
50 (0.76) |
<0.01 | 6,550 (99.53) |
31 (0.47) |
<0.01 | 28 (0.43) |
<0.01 | |
| Positive | — | — | — | 1,369 (29.30) |
2,287 (48.94) |
1,017 (21.76) |
1,718 (36.76) |
2,247 (48.08) |
708 (15.15) |
3,752 (80.29) |
921 (19.71) |
201 (4.30) |
|||||
| Symptoms of anxiety | |||||||||||||||||
| Normal | 6,219 (81.96) |
1,190 (15.68) |
179 (2.36) |
<0.01 | — | — | — | 6,103 (80.43) |
1,358 (17.90) |
127 (1.67) |
<0.01 | 7,549 (99.49) |
39 (0.51) |
<0.01 | 46 (0.61) |
<0.01 | |
| Positive | 362 (9.87) |
1,780 (48.55) |
1,524 (41.57) |
— | — | — | 1,212 (33.06) |
1,823 (49.73) |
631 (17.21) |
2,753 (75.10) |
913 (24.90) |
183 (4.99) |
|||||
| Symptoms of insomnia | |||||||||||||||||
| Normal | 5,597 (76.51) |
1,431 (19.56) |
287 (3.92) |
<0.01 | 6,103 (83.43) |
1,063 (14.53) |
149 (2.04) |
<0.01 | — | — | — | 7,207 (98.52) |
108 (1.48) |
<0.01 | 63 (0.86) |
<0.01 | |
| Positive | 984 (24.98) |
1,539 (39.07) |
1,416 (35.95) |
1,485 (37.70) |
1,570 (39.86) |
884 (22.44) |
— | — | — | 3,095 (78.57) |
844 (21.43) |
166 (4.21) |
|||||
| Symptoms of PTSD | |||||||||||||||||
| Normal | 6,550 (63.58) |
2,809 (27.27) |
943 (9.15) |
<0.01 | 7,549 (73.28) |
2,356 (22.87) |
397 (3.85) |
<0.01 | 7,207 (69.96) |
2,690 (26.11) |
405 (3.93) |
<0.01 | — | — | 126 (1.22) |
<0.01 | |
| Positive | 31 (3.26) |
161 (16.91) |
760 (79.83) |
39 (4.10) |
277 (29.10) |
636 (66.81) |
108 (11.34) |
491 (51.58) |
353 (37.08) |
— | — | 103 (10.82) |
|||||
| Suicidal behavior | |||||||||||||||||
| Normal | 6,553 (59.44) |
2,899 (26.29) |
1,573 (14.27) |
<0.01 | 7,542 (68.41) |
2,532 (22.97) |
951 (8.63) |
<0.01 | 7,252 (65.78) |
3,085 (27.98) |
688 (6.24) |
<0.01 | 10,176 (92.30) |
849 (7.70) |
<0.01 | — | |
| Positive | 28 (12.23) |
71 (31.00) |
130 (56.77) |
46 (20.09) |
101 (44.10) |
82 (35.81) |
63 (27.51) |
96 (41.92) |
70 (30.57) |
126 (55.02) |
103 (44.98) |
— | |||||
a
Scores of 5 to 9 on the PHQ-9 were defined as mild depression, and scores of 10 or higher were defined as moderate-to-severe depression.
b
Scores of 5 to 9 on the GAD-7 were defined as mild anxiety, and scores of 10 or higher were defined as moderate-to-severe anxiety.
c
Scores of 8 to 14 on the ISI were defined as subthreshold insomnia, and scores of 15 or higher were defined as moderate-to-severe insomnia.
d
Scores of 33 or higher on the PCL-5 were defined as PTSD symptoms.
e
χ2 tests were used to compare the prevalence of mild-to-severe mental health symptoms in different populations.
#
This means the first two groups are compared to the last group respectively.