TABLE 2.
Different cell models were used to explore the potential mechanism of catalpol in improving AS.
| As in vitro model | Damage factors | Catalpol dose | Processing time (h) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EA.hy926 | oxLDL (100 μg/ml) | 50 μM | 2 | Liu and Zhang. (2015) |
| THP-1 | oxLDL (100 μg/ml) | 5–80 μM | 24 | Zhang et al. (2018) |
| HAECs | HCY (3 mM) | 7.5, 15,30 μM | 24 | Hu et al. (2019) |
| THP-1 | LPS (1 μg/ml) | 50 μM | 24 | Zhu et al. (2014) |
| MH-S | LPS (1 μg/ml) | 0.1–0.5 mM | 48 | Fu et al. (2014) |
| HaCaT | TNF-α (10 ng/ml) | 7.5, 15,30 μM | 24 | Liu et al. (2021) |
| MPC-5 | ADR (1 μM) | 2,4,8 μM | 48 | Zhang et al. (2019) |
| HUVECs | H2O2 (100 μM) | 0.1–10 μg/ml | 24 | Hu et al. (2010) |
| IEC-6 | Brefeldin A (1 μM) | 5–80 μM | 24 | Xiong et al. (2017) |
| J774A-1 | LPS (100 ng/ml) | 5, 10, 20 μM | 24 | Chen et al. (2021) |
| IFN-γ(20 ng/ml) |
Note: EA.hy926 belongs to human endothelial cell line; THP-1: human monocytic leukemia cell line; Ox-LDL: oxidized low density lipoprotein; HAECs: human aortic endothelial cells; HCY: homocysteine; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MH-S: mouse alveolar macrophage line; HaCaT: keratinocyte line; ADR: adriamycin; MPC-5: mouse podocyte line; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; IEC-6: rat intestinal epithelial cell; Brefeldin A: specific endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer; J774A-1 belongs to the mouse macrophage cell line; IFN-γ: interferon-γ.