Table 1.

Molecules related to TAMs in CRC metastasis.

Molecules	Types	Expression in mCRC	Mechanism	Effects in CRC	References
lncRNA RPPH1	Non-coding RNA	Up	Mediates the polarization of M2	Promote	(106, 107)
lncRNA HLA-F-AS1	Non-coding RNA	Up	Mediates the polarization of M2	Promote	(108)
miR-21-5p	Non-coding RNA	Up	Derived by M2-macrophages, downregulates the expression of BRG1	Promote	(109)
miR-25-3p	Non-coding RNA	Up	Activates CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, induces M2 polarization	Promote	(92)
miR-130b-3p	Non-coding RNA	Up	Activates CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, induces M2 polarization	Promote	(92)
miR-155-5p	Non-coding RNA	Up	Derived by M2-macrophages, downregulates the expression of BRG1	Promote	(109)
miR-425-5p	Non-coding RNA	Up	Activates CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, induces M2 polarization	Promote	(92)
miR-934	Non-coding RNA	Up	Promotes CRC liver metastasis by regulating the interaction between CRC cells and TAMs	Promote	(110)
sST2	Cytokine receptor	Down	Suppresses IL-33-induced angiogenesis, macrophage infiltration and polarization	Inhibit	(111)
CCL2	Cytokines	Up	Promotes the recruitment of macrophages	Promote	(82, 86, 98, 112)
CCL5	Cytokines	Up	Promotes the recruitment of macrophages	Promote	(83, 113)
CCL17	Cytokines	Up	Upregulates in M2-like TAMs, induces an immunosuppressive environment	Promote	(111)
CXCL1	Cytokines	Up	Secreted by TAMs, forms a pre-metastatic niche, promotes liver metastasis	Promote	(114)
TGF-β	Cytokines	Up	Secreted by TAMs, facilitates EMT in CRC	Promote	(101)
VEGF	Cytokines	Up	Augments the recruitment of TAMs	Promote	(98, 99, 115, 116)
CSF-1	Cytokines	Up	Augments the recruitment of TAMs	Promote	(98)
IL-1β	Cytokines	Up	Regulates the crosstalk between TAMs and CRC cells	Promote	(115, 116)
IL-6	Cytokines	Up	Upregulates CCL2 and CCL5, and then recruits TAMs	Promote	(81)
IL-10	Cytokines	Up	Induces the M2 polarization	Promote	(117)
LUM	Metabolites	Up	Regulates macrophage polarization	Promote	(118)
ABHD5	Metabolites	Down	Low-level expressed in migratory TAMs, upregulates the MMPs	Promote	(119)
PRL-3	Phosphatases	Up	Activates the MAPK pathway in TAMs to promote EMT	Promote	(77, 120, 121)
Shp2	Phosphatases	Up	Promotes the maturation of TAMs	Promote	(122)
KRS	proteases	Up	Induces M2 polarization of macrophages	Promote	(122)
CTSK	proteases	Up	Induces M2 polarization of macrophages	Promote	(123)
Gas6	protein	Up	Induces M2 polarization of macrophages	Promote	(122)
NLRC4	Inflammasome	Up	Regulates the crosstalk between TAMs and CRC cells	Promote	(116)
NLRP3	Inflammasome	Up	Regulates the crosstalk between TAMs and CRC cells	Promote	(115)
Wnt5a	Secreted protein	Up	Activates macrophages polarization	Promote	(112, 117)
S100A8	Calcium- and zinc-binding protein	Up	Activates the NF-κB pathway in macrophages	Promote	(124)
GRP78	Glucose regulated protein	Up	Upregulates by TAMs, promotes STAT3 phosphorylation	Promote	(125)
P2X7R	Purine receptor	Up	Leads to the recruitment of TAMs via NF-κB pathway	Promote	(76, 126)
LAYN	Hyaluronan receptor	Up	Activates macrophages polarization and associates with poor prognosis of patients	Promote	(127)
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase	Up	Promotes the differentiation of M2 macrophages and reduces the expansion of M1 macrophages	Promote	(128)
PGE2	Prostaglandin E2	Up	Promotes the differentiation of M2 macrophages and reduces the expansion of M1 macrophages	Promote	(128, 129)
IDO	Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1	Up	Promotes Tregs and M2 macrophages cooperative effects, leads to immunosuppression	Promote	(130)
KYN	Kynurenine	Up	Promotes Tregs and M2 macrophages cooperative effects, leads to immunosuppression via AHR axis	Promote	(130)