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. 2021 Jul 19;17:1641–1688. doi: 10.3762/bjoc.17.116

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Copyright © 2021, Brodyagin et al.

This is an Open Access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). Please note that the reuse, redistribution and reproduction in particular requires that the author(s) and source are credited and that individual graphics may be subject to special legal provisions.

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Molecular beacons containing generic fluorophores (Fl) and quenchers (Q) recognizing a complementary oligonucleotide. (A) PNA/DNA chimeras [244] (PNA in red, DNA in blue) and (B) PNA [245] with self-complementary stems were originally used to ensure close proximity of the fluorophore and quencher; (C) stemless beacons [246] lack partially self-complementary sequences instead relying on PNA aggregation to keep the fluorophore and quencher in proximity; (D) two complementary PNAs can also be used to ensure the proximity in dsPNA beacons.