Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Total (n=3849) | High-income countries (n=896) | Middle-income countries (n=2860) | Low-income countries (n=93) | p value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 2231 (58·0%) | 528 (58·9%) | 1655 (57·9%) | 48 (51·6%) | 0·39 | |
| Female | 1596 (41·5%) | 367 (41·0%) | 1185 (41·4%) | 44 (47·3%) | .. | |
| Ambiguous genitalia | 21 (0·5%) | 1 (0·1%) | 19 (0·7%) | 1 (1·1%) | .. | |
| Unknown | 1 (<0·1%) | 0 | 1 (<0·1%) | 0 | .. | |
| Gestational age at birth, weeks | 38 (36–39) | 38 (36–39) | 38 (36–39) | 37 (36–39) | 0·76 | |
| Bodyweight at presentation, kg | 2·8 (2·3–3·3) | 2·9 (2·4–3·4) | 2·8 (2·3–3·3) | 2·8 (2·2–3·5) | 0·13 | |
| Study condition | ||||||
| Oesophageal atresia | 560 (14·5%) | 141 (15·7%) | 412 (14·4%) | 7 (7·5%) | 0·093 | |
| Congenital diaphragmatic hernia | 448 (11·6%) | 148 (16·5%) | 299 (10·5%) | 1 (1·1%) | <0·0001 | |
| Intestinal atresia | 681 (17·7%) | 152 (17·0%) | 509 (17·8%) | 20 (21·5%) | 0·53 | |
| Gastroschisis | 453 (11·8%) | 139 (15·5%) | 304 (10·6%) | 10 (10·8%) | 0·0004 | |
| Exomphalos | 325 (8·4%) | 70 (7·8%) | 241 (8·4%) | 14 (15·1%) | 0·057 | |
| Anorectal malformation | 991 (25·7%) | 178 (19·9%) | 788 (27·6%) | 25 (26·9%) | 0·0003 | |
| Hirschsprung's disease | 517 (13·4%) | 107 (11·9%) | 393 (13·7%) | 17 (18·3%) | 0·15 | |
| Additional anomaly or study condition diagnosed | 1778 (46·2%) | 448 (50·0%) | 1306 (45·7%) | 24 (25·8%) | <0·0001 | |
| Age at presentation, h | 22 (1–85) | 3 (0–28) | 24 (3–96) | 72 (16–192) | 0·0001 | |
| Distance from patient's home to study hospital, km | 25 (2–100) | 11 (0–64) | 30 (5–110) | 55 (10–133) | <0·0001 | |
| Sepsis status on arrival to study centre | ||||||
| Yes | 660 (17·1%) | 38 (4·2%) | 598 (20·9%) | 24 (25·8%) | <0·0001 | |
| Missing | 3 (0·1%) | 1 (0·1%) | 2 (0·1%) | 0 (0·0%) | .. | |
| Hypovolaemia status on arrival to study centre | ||||||
| Yes | 564 (14·7%) | 75 (8·4%) | 478 (16·7%) | 11 (11·8%) | <0·0001 | |
| Missing | 4 (0·1%) | 1 (0·1%) | 2 (0·1%) | 1 (1·1%) | .. | |
| Hypothermia status on arrival to study centre | ||||||
| Yes | 403 (10·5%) | 32 (3·6%) | 358 (12·5%) | 13 (14·0%) | <0·0001 | |
| Missing | 6 (0·2%) | 1 (0·1%) | 4 (0·1%) | 1 (1·1%) | .. | |
| ASA score at time of primary intervention | ||||||
| 1 (healthy person) | 678 (17·6%) | 115 (12·8%) | 534 (18·7%) | 29 (31·2%) | <0·0001 | |
| 2 (mild systemic disease) | 1195 (31·0%) | 260 (29·0%) | 914 (32·0%) | 21 (22·6%) | .. | |
| 3 (severe systemic disease) | 1046 (27·2%) | 316 (35·3%) | 717 (25·1%) | 13 (14·0%) | .. | |
| 4 (severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life | 375 (9·7%) | 122 (13·6%) | 249 (8·7%) | 4 (4·3%) | .. | |
| 5 (moribund patient who is not expected to survive without the operation) | 151 (3·9%) | 15 (1·7%) | 136 (4·8%) | 0 | .. | |
| Not applicable (no surgical intervention)† | 395 (10·3%) | 62 (6·9%) | 307 (10·7%) | 26 (28·0%) | .. | |
| Missing | 9 (0·2%) | 6 (0·7%) | 3 (0·1%) | 0 | .. | |
Data are n (%) or median (IQR). ASA=American Society of Anesthesiologists.
*
p values represent univariable testing between country income strata.
†
These patients were either palliated, managed conservatively, or discharged without intervention with planned future intervention (appendix pp 16–44).