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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2021 Apr 20;278:113924. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113924

Table 3.

The impact of participants’ race, ethnicity, and education on genetic testing, educational and other intervention, and treatment efficacy

Dependent Variable OR 95% CI* P value
Consent to have gene tested
Race: Black/African Americans vs. White 1.25 (0.48, 3.22) 0.65
Race: Other/Missing vs. White 0.56 (0.19, 1.65) 0.29
Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic 1.47 (0.46, 4.70) 0.52
Female vs. Male 0.54 (0.26, 1.11) 0.09
Education: ≥Some College vs. ≤High School 0.26 (0.13, 0.54) <0.001
School should require to have genetic testing
Race: Black/African Americans vs. White 1.91 (0.96, 3.81) 0.07
Race: Other/Missing vs. White 1.79 (0.54, 5.97) 0.34
Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic 3.40 (1.25, 9.26) 0.02
Female vs. Male 0.74 (0.36, 1.53) 0.41
Education: ≥Some College vs. ≤High School 0.43 (0.20, 0.89) 0.02
School should consider genetic result in education plan
Race: Black/African Americans vs. White 1.05 (0.41, 2.71) 0.92
Race: Other/Missing vs. White 1.25 (0.43, 3.66) 0.68
Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic 1.11 (0.42, 2.92) 0.84
Female vs. Male 0.83 (0.42, 1.64) 0.59
Education: ≥Some College vs. ≤High School 1.28 (0.61, 2.65) 0.52
School should require interventions to improve behavior
Race: Black/African Americans vs. White 2.55 (1.28, 5.08) 0.01
Race: Other/Missing vs. White 0.61 (0.23, 1.60) 0.31
Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic 1.285 (0.54, 3.06) 0.57
Female vs. Male 0.89 (0.49, 1.61) 0.70
Education: ≥Some College vs. ≤High School 0.35 (0.18, 0.68) 0.002
Child should go to pediatrician for help
Race: Black/African Americans vs. White 1.17 (0.60, 2.28) 0.64
Race: Other/Missing vs. White 1.70 (0.61, 4.80) 0.31
Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic 3.056 (1.20, 7.79) 0.02
Female vs. Male 1.26 (0.67, 2.37) 0.47
Education: ≥Some College vs. ≤High School 1.24 (0.63, 2.43) 0.54
Child should go to psychiatrist for help
Race: Black/African Americans vs. White 1.70 (0.88, 3.28) 0.12
Race: Other/Missing vs. White 4.45 (1.66, 11.94) 0.003
Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic 3.12 (1.17, 8.28) 0.02
Female vs. Male 0.95 (0.52, 1.73) 0.85
Education: ≥Some College vs. ≤High School 0.90 (0.48, 1.68) 0.74
Child should go to therapist/counselor
Race: Black/African Americans vs. White 1.00 (0.49, 2.08) 0.99
Race: Other/Missing vs. White 2.96 (0.88, 9.97) 0.08
Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic 1.137 (0.38, 3.40) 0.82
Female vs. Male 1.51 (0.80, 2.85) 0.20
Education: ≥Some College vs. ≤High School 0.90 (0.46, 1.78) 0.76
Child’s situation will improve with help of mental health professionals
Race: Black/African Americans vs. White 1.63 (0.73, 3.66) 0.23
Race: Other/Missing vs. White 0.85 (0.29, 2.47) 0.76
Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic 1.139 (0.38, 3.47) 0.82
Female vs. Male 0.91 (0.48, 1.72) 0.77
Education: ≥Some College vs. ≤High School 0.59 (0.28, 1.24) 0.16
School should require parents to attend learning sessions
Race: Black/African Americans vs. White 4.95 (2.54, 9.63) <0.001
Race: Other/Missing vs. White 5.57 (1.90, 16.38) 0.002
Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic 1.461 (0.58, 3.66) 0.42
Female vs. Male 1.89 (1.03, 3.45) 0.04
Education: ≥Some College vs. ≤High School 0.289 (0.15, 0.57) <0.001
Child should be given medications
Race: Black/African Americans vs. White 1.99 (1.07, 3.72) 0.03
Race: Other/Missing vs. White 1.46 (0.51, 4.19) 0.48
Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic 4.030 (1.58, 10.29) 0.004
Female vs. Male 0.62 (0.33, 1.17) 0.14
Education: ≥Some College vs. ≤High School 0.64 (0.33, 1.22) 0.17
Child’s behaviors will improve with medication
Race: Black/African Americans vs. White 1.62 (0.87, 3.04) 0.13
Race: Other/Missing vs. White 1.21 (0.43, 3.38) 0.72
Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic 3.181 (1.22, 8.31) 0.02
Female vs. Male 0.76 (0.41, 1.39) 0.37
Education: ≥Some College vs. ≤High School 0.88 (0.46, 1.67) 0.69

Variables in the model included independent variables (i.e., genetic evidence, evaluator, child race) and controlled for participants’ race, ethnicity (Hispanic), gender, and education.