Table 2.

Comparison of mean scale items between groups using t-test or ANOVA.

Scale Item	Factor	Group	Mean (SD)	Test (df) Statistic	p
GSE-10–NSE-8	-	-	31.89(3.89)	t(207) = 7.314	0.001 ***
			23.91(3.01)
GSE	Where students grew up	− Metropolitan	32.85(3.49)	F(2, 198) = 2.883	0.050 *
		− Rural	31.32(4.34)
NSE	Where students grew up	− Metropolitan	24.56(2.64)	F(2, 198) = 4.284	0.014 *
		− Rural	23.15(3.34)
Efficacy	Age	− Under 25	4.11(1.14)	F(2, 203) = 4.119	0.015 *
		− 25–45	4.59(0.99)
Optimism	Where students grew up	− Metropolitan	5.04(0.75)	F(2, 210) = 4.530	0.016 *
		− Regional	4.53(0.83)
Optimism	Where students grew up	− Metropolitan	5.05(0.75)	F(2, 210) = 4.666	0.022 *
		− Rural	4.66(0.98)
Hope	Employment	− Employed	4.49(1.01)	t(217) = 8.960	0.003 **
		− Unemployed	4.70(0.89)
Resilience	Employment	− Employed	4.49(0.99)	t(217) = 7.249	0.008 **
		− Unemployed	4.85(0.98)

p < 0.05 *, p < 0.01 **, p < 0.001 ***.