Table 2.

Barriers to DMSM practice based on the chronic care model (CCM).

Categories of Themes	Sub-Theme Categories
Low perception of susceptibility and severity of diabetes	Doubt about the expected benefits and efficacy of treatment
Inadequate knowledge and skill on diabetes mellitus self-management	Misconceptions about diabetes and its management Lack of skills for deciding proper management Limited educational media and booklets One way teaching of DMSE
Lack of motivation to perform the diabetes mellitus self-management	Lack of social support on DMSM practice Lack of time No role model Family conflict
Insufficient manpower	High workload and job demands on every project Lack of confidence and experience in dealing with diabetes management
Social exclusion and feelings of embarrassment	Social exclusion due to victim blaming of the disease Social stigma and negative image about disease progression