Table 2.
Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) factors of teachers’ perceptions of their School Principal’s leadership characteristics. Significant differences (Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) post-hoc tests, p < 0.05) between the scores of different leadership characteristics are indicated with at least one different letter.
| Leadership Characteristics | Mean | Cronbach’s α | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transformational characteristics | Idealized influence (attributed) | 3.54 ± 1.11a | 0.88 |
| Idealized influence (behavior) | 3.41 ± 0.87a | 0.66 | |
| Inspirational motivation | 3.38 ± 1.00a | 0.88 | |
| Intellectual stimulation | 3.31 ± 1.01a | 0.85 | |
| Individualized consideration | 3.05 ± 0.91a | 0.64 | |
| Transactional characteristics | Contingent reward | 3.55 ± 0.90a | 0.77 |
| Management-by-exception (active) | 3.22 ± 0.65a | 0.68 | |
| Management-by-exception (passive) | 2.63 ± 1.01bc | 0.80 | |
| Laissez-faire leadership | 2.00 ± 1.07c | 0.88 | |