Top: estimated impact (premature mortality, with 95% confidence
interval) of shipping and oil combustion emissions per year in each city (left
axis); contribution of shipping and oil combustion emissions to annual mean
PM2.5 concentrations (μg/m3) in each city
(right axis). Bottom: contribution of premature mortality from long-term
exposure to shipping/oil combustion emissions, relative to all-cause mortality
for the baseline scenario, i.e., cases attributable to PM2.5 from all
emission sources (including shipping). Results for the following cities and time
periods: Nicosia for years 2007–2009, Brindisi 2010, Genoa 2011, Venice
2007, Msida 2016, Melilla 2007–2008, Athens 2011–2012, Barcelona
2011.