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Estimated premature mortality (annual) from long-term exposure to shipping and oil combustion emissions: current scenario (shipping contributions to PM2.5 extracted from literature source apportionment studies) and scenario for the year 2020 after implementation of cleaner fuels by MARPOL Annex VI (from Sofiev et al., 2018). Percentages indicate the reduction in premature deaths due to shipping/year from the current to the 2020 scenario.
