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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 27.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2020 Mar 20;138:105670. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105670

Table 3.

Estimated health outcomes (all-cause mortality, and hospital admissions, with confidence intervals) due to long-term exposure to shipping emissions, for cities and years: Nicosia 2007–2009, Brindisi 2010, Genoa 2011, Venice 2007, Msida 2016, Melilla 2007–2008, Athens 2011–2012, Barcelona 2011. Results are presented as annual averages when > 1 year of data was available. Population (number of inhabitants).

Input data HIA model output
City Population Shipping PM2.5** Health endpoint Baseline (N)* Incidence rate Outcomes due to shipping/oil (N)*** % of baseline
Nicosia 335,345 1.2 μg/m3 All-cause mortality 4715 1.4% 22–66 (95% CI: 2–129) 0.5%−1.4%
Respiratory hospital admissions 1770 0.5% 6 (95% CI: − 5–18) 0.4%
Cardiovascular hospital admissions 2925 0.9% 20 (95% CI: 14–27) 0.7%
Brindisi 88,068 2.3 μg/m3 All-cause mortality 828 0.9% 7–22 (95% CI: 1–43) 0.9%−2.7%
Respiratory hospital admissions 1331 1.5% 9 (95% CI: − 7–25) 0.7%
Cardiovascular hospital admissions 2350 2.7% 31 (95% CI: 21–41) 1.3%
Genoa 619,250 0.3 μg/m3 All-cause mortality 8222 1.3% 8–25 (95% CI: 1–49) 0.1%−0.3%
Respiratory hospital admissions 543 0.1% 0.4 (95% CI: − 0.3–1) 0.1%
Cardiovascular hospital admissions 3040 0.5% 5 (95% CI: 3–6) 0.2%
Venice 520,014 0.4 μg/m3 All-cause mortality 4727 0.9% 7–22 (95% CI: 1–43) 0.1%−0.5%
Respiratory hospital admissions 304 0.1% 0.4 (95% CI: − 0.3–1) 0.1%
Cardiovascular hospital admissions 1798 0.3% 4 (95% CI: 3–6) 0.2%
Msida 10,889 0.8 μg/m3 All-cause mortality 72 0.7% 0.2–0.7 (95% CI: 0.02–1) 0.3%−1.0%
Respiratory hospital admissions 485 4.5% 1 (95% CI: −1–3) 0.2%
Cardiovascular hospital admissions 641 5.9% 3 (95% CI: 2–4) 0.5%
Melilla 70,444 2.6 μg/m3 All-cause mortality 1251 1.8% 13–37 (95% CI: 1–73) 1.0%−3.0%
Respiratory hospital admissions 127 0.2% 1 (95% CI: − 1–3) 0.8%
Cardiovascular hospital admissions 392 0.6% 6 (95% CI: 4–8) 1.5%
Athens 664,046 1.0 μg/m3 All-cause mortality 25,938 3.9% 102–302 (95% CI: 8–591) 0.4%−1.2%
Respiratory hospital admissions N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Cardiovascular hospital admissions N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Barcelona 5,529,099 1.0 μg/m3 All-cause mortality 15,219 0.3% 60–177 (95% CI: 5–347) 0.4%−1.2%
Respiratory hospital admissions N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Cardiovascular hospital admissions N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
*

Baseline (N): number of outcomes attributable to PM2.5 from all emission sources (including shipping).

**

Shipping PM2.5: source apportionment results obtained from literature (see Table 2 for the references). Baseline: outcomes attributable to PM2.5 from all emission sources (including shipping).

***

Outcomes due to shipping/oil (N): number of outcomes attributable to shipping/oil emissions, including the confidence interval (CI).