Table 2.

T test for independent group: ECAD-EP (Time 1 and Time 2).

Measures	Time 1	Time 2	Levene Test		Student’s Test
	M ± S.D	M ± S.D	F	p-Value	T	Df	p	Adjusted p
Coexistence	4.06 ± 0.47	3.79 ± 0.51	3.56	0.05	7.35		<0.001	<0.001
Empathy	4.37 ± 0.60	3.17 ± 0.44	39.454	0.000	30.267	716	<0.001	<0.001
Communication adaptation	4.51 ± 0.48	4.32 ± 0.59	14.809	0.000	4.738	716	0.001	<0.001
Communication sensitivity	4.77 ± 0.43	4.64 ± 0.60	58.211	0.000	3.261	716	0.423	0.667
Mediation	4.42 ± 0.50	4.39 ± 0.50	0.065	0.799	0.802	716	<0.001	<0.001
Affective bonding	4.18 ± 0.63	3.78 ± 0.58	2.443	0.118	8.878	716	<0.001	<0.001
Group dynamization	4.19 ± 0.52	4.11 ± 0.52	0.006	0.938	8.913	716	0.025	0.049
Self-efficacy	4.46 ± 0.43	4.36 ± 0.44	0.470	0.493	2.248	716	0.002	0.004
Nonverbal communication	4.05 ± 0.62	4.00 ± 0.61	0.678	0.411	3.173	716	0.221	0.393
Assertiveness	4.29 ± 0.62	4.23 ± 0.62	0.005	0.942	1.225	716	0.148	0.274
Executive leadership	4.45 ± 0.56	4.34 ± 0.61	8.073	0.005	1.449	716	0.012	0.024
Conflict resolution	4.45 ± 0.50	4.32 ± 0.55	6.453	0.011	2.524	716	0.002	0.004
Paraverbal communication	4.09 ± 0.67	3.66 ± 0.68	0.532	0.466	3.141	716	<0.001	0.002
Affective leadership	4.20 ± 0.67	4.03 ± 0.76	1.968	0.161	8.510	716	0.002	0.004
Instructional control	4.50 ± 0.55	4.19 ± 0.72	25.223	0.000	3.102	716	<0.001	<0.001
Planning	4.46 ± 0.47	4.18 ± 0.66	58.826	0.000	6.485	716	<0.001	<0.001
Adaptation	4.38 ± 0.64	3.77 ± 0.91	24.585	0.000	6.499	716	<0.001	<0.001
Factor A	4.37 ± 0.36	4.07 ± 0.36	0.004	0.947	10.508	716	<0.001	<0.001
Fctor B	4.26 ± 0.43	4.10 ± 0.47	1.706	0.192	11.177	716	<0.001	<0.001
Factor C	4.45 ± 0.46	4.05 ± 0.52	1.567	0.211	4.728	716	<0.001	<0.001

Note: Time 1 = pre-pandemic phase; Time 2 = pandemic phase; Abbreviation: Adjusted p = Bonferroni adjusted p-values.