Table 4.
Multilevel mixed effect analysis of individual and community level factors associated with modern contraceptive use among married women
| Characteristic | Model 1 Empty |
Model 2 AOR(95% CI) |
Model 3 AOR(95% CI) |
Model 4 AOR(95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Woman’s age | 1.03(1.01–1.04)** | 1.03(1.01–1.04)** | ||
| 15–24a | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–34 | 1.30(1.09–1.55)** | 1.30(1.09–1.55)** | ||
| 35–49 | 1.26(0.92–1.74) | 1.26(0.91–1.73) | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Catholica | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Anglican | 1.13(1.01–1.27)* | 1.09(0.97–1.22) | ||
| Muslim | 0.83(0.70–0.97)* | 0.78(0.66–0.91)** | ||
| Other | 0.91(0.79–1.05) | 0.90(0.78–1.04) | ||
| Level of educational attainment | ||||
| No educationa | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Primary | 1.63(1.38–1.93)** | 1.50(1.27–1.78)** | ||
| Secondary/Higher | 2.17(1.78–2.64)** | 1.93(1.58–2.37)** | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poora | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Middle | 1.42(1.24–1.63)** | 1.27(1.10–1.46)** | ||
| Rich | 1.61(1.41–1.83)** | 1.32(1.14–1.53)** | ||
| Working status | ||||
| Not workinga | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| currently working | 1.15(1.02–1.31)* | 1.13(0.99–1.28) | ||
| Spousal age difference | ||||
| 0–4a | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 5–9 | 1.08(0.97–1.21) | 1.07(0.96–1.19) | ||
| ≥ 10 | 0.87(0.76–0.98)* | 0.86(0.76–0.98)* | ||
| Age at first birth | 0.94(0.91–0.96)** | 0.94(0.92–0.96)** | ||
| < 20a | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| ≥ 20 | 0.81(0.69–0.95)* | 0.82(0.70–0.96)* | ||
| Parity | ||||
| 0–2a | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 3–5 | 0.93(0.80–1.07) | 0.94(0.81–1.09) | ||
| 6+ | 0.72(0.58–0.90)** | 0.76(0.61–0.94)* | ||
| Woman’s empowerment | ||||
| Noa | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.94(0.84–1.06) | 0.95(0.84–1.07) | ||
| Media exposure to family planning messages | ||||
| Noa | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.08(0.97–1.20) | 1.03(0.92–1.15) | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urbana | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Rural | 0.92(0.78–1.09) | 0.94(0.79–1.11) | ||
| Region | ||||
| Centrala | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Eastern | 0.87(0.72–1.05) | 0.88(0.73–1.07) | ||
| Western | 1.06(0.89–1.27) | 1.08(0.90–1.29) | ||
| Northern | 0.75(0.61–0.93)** | 0.83(0.67–1.04) | ||
| Distance to health facility | ||||
| Big problema | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Not a big problem | 1.16(1.04–1.28)** | 1.18(1.06–1.31)** | ||
| Community education | ||||
| Lowa | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 1.52(1.30–1.78)** | 1.38(1.17–1.62)** | ||
| Community poverty | ||||
| Lowa | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 0.66(0.56–0.79)** | 0.78(0.65–0.93)** | ||
| Community exposure to family planning messages | ||||
| Lowa | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 1.28(1.12–1.46)** | 1.24(1.08–1.42)** | ||
| Community women working | ||||
| Lowa | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 1.31(1.15–1.49)** | 1.22(1.06–1.39)** | ||
| Community mean age at first marriage | 0.92(0.87–0.96)** | 0.93(0.88–0.98)** | ||
| Community mean age at sexual debut | 0.89(0.82–0.95)** | 0.91(0.85–0.98)** | ||
| Random effect | ||||
| Community level variance (SE) | 0.39(0.04)** | 0.27(0.04)** | 0.24(0.03)** | 0.22(0.03)** |
| ICC (%) | 10.7 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 6.3 |
| PCV (%) | Reference | 30.8 | 38.5 | 43.6 |
| Model fit statistics | ||||
| Log likelihood | − 5822 | − 5466 | − 5726 | -5419 |
| AIC | 11,648 | 10,973 | 11,477 | 10,902 |
a is a Reference category, * Significant at p < 0.05, ** significant at p < 0.01; AOR is the adjusted odds ratio; SE is the standard error; ICC is the inter-cluster correlation coefficient; PCV is the Proportional Change in Variance