Table 3.
Multivariable multilevel ordered logistic regression among under-5 children in Ethiopia, 2016
| Stunting | Random intercept model | Community level factors | House hold and individual factors | Full model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 1.76 (1.24–2.48) | 1.62 (1.14–2.30)** | ||
| Developing | 1.23 (0.87–1.74) | 1.23 (0.86–1.76) | ||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 1.35 (0.96–1.90) | 0.78 (0.51–1.18) | ||
| Community literacy | ||||
| Literate | 1 | 1 | ||
| Illiterate | 0.80 (0.66–0.957) | 0.90 (0.73–1.11) | ||
| Community poverty index | ||||
| In poverty | 1 | 1 | ||
| > poverty | 1.37 (1.14–1.65) | 1.08 (0.86–1.36) | ||
| wealth index | ||||
| Richest | 1 | 1 | ||
| Richer | 1.43 (1.03–1.97)** | 1.37 (0.97–1.93) | ||
| Middle | 1.80 (1.30–2.50)** | 1.84 (1.27–2.67)** | ||
| Poorer | 2.11 (1.51–2.95)** | 2.13 (1.45–3.14)** | ||
| Poorest | 2.44 (1.76–3.39)** | 2.52 (1.72–3.68)** | ||
| Water source | ||||
| Improved | 1 | 1 | ||
| Un improved | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 0.87 (0.72–1.05) | ||
| Toilet | ||||
| Improved | 1 | 1 | ||
| Un improved | 1.12 (0.78–1.613) | 1.11 (0.76–1.61) | ||
| Maternal age | ||||
| 15–19 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 20–35 | 0.54 (0.34–0.85) | 0.51 (0.32–0.81)** | ||
| 36–49 | 0.48 (0.29–0.80) | 0.41 (0.24–0.71)** | ||
| Maternal height | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | 0.95 (0.93–0.96)** | ||
| Maternal Education | ||||
| No-education | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 0.80 (0.67–0.950)* | 0.84 (0.67–1.02) | ||
| Secondary | 0.62 (0.42–0.92)* | 0.68 (0.45–1.02) | ||
| Higher | 0.35 (0.19–0.66)** | 0.38 (0.20–0.74)** | ||
| Maternal BMI | ||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | ||
| Under-weight | 0.49 (0.35–0.69) | 0.52 (0.37–0.72)** | ||
| Over-weight | 3.33 (2.15–5.17) | 3.43 (2.21–5.33)** | ||
| Child age (months) | ||||
| 6–12 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 12–23 | 3.64 (2.55–5.21) | 3.72 (2.59–5.32)** | ||
| 24–35 | 5.43 (3.90–7.56) | 5.52 (3.95–7.71)** | ||
| 36–47 | 5.12 (3.65–7.16) | 5.17 (3.68–7.26)** | ||
| 48–59 | 3.98 (2.82–5.60) | 4.11 (2.89–5.83)** | ||
| Child sex | ||||
| Female | 1 | 1 | ||
| Male | 1.28 (1.10–1.49) | 1.26 (1.09–1.46)** | ||
| Birth order | ||||
| 1 to 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3 to 4 | 0.96 (0.77–1.18) | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | ||
| 5 and above | 1.24 (0.98–1.55) | 1.20 (0.96–1.51) | ||
| Cut points | ||||
| Cut point 1 | 1.66 (1.51–1.83) | 1.30 (1.00–1.60) | −6.65(−8.98,-4.31) | −6.42(−8.78,-4.07) |
| Cut point 2 | 1.71 (1.59–1.82) | 1.50 (2.19–2.80) | −5.34(−7.66,-3.01) | −5.12(−7.46,-2.78) |
| Cluster variance(θ) | 0.45 (0.34–0.60) | 0.38 (0.29–0.50)** | 0.41 (0.31–0.53)** | 0.40 (0.30–0.52)** |
| Median OR | 1.90 (1.75–2.09) | 1.80 (1.67–1.96) | 1.84 (1.70–2.01) | 1.83 (1.69–2.00)** |
| ICC (VPC) | 0.12 (0.09–0.15)** | 0.10 (0.08–0.13)** | 0 .11 (0.09–0.14)** | 0.11 (0.08–0.14)** |
| PCV | 15.56% | 8.89% | 11.11% | |
Note: * indicates statistical significance less than 0.05
** indicates statistical significance less than 0.01