Table 3.
Main effect of each CLA on cognitive decline
| High frequency of CLAa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CLAs | (n) | (%) | ORb | 95% CI | |
| Reading the newspaper | 510 | 98.6 | 0.657 | 0.235 | 1.838 |
| Reading books | 433 | 83.8 | 1.468 | 0.776 | 2.770 |
| Writing | 263 | 50.9 | 0.803 | 0.514 | 1.255 |
| Creative activities | 198 | 38.3 | 1.140 | 0.723 | 1.799 |
| Art appreciation | 163 | 31.5 | 0.556 | 0.333 | 0.929 |
| Gardening | 385 | 74.5 | 1.284 | 0.815 | 2.024 |
Note: Multiple logistic analysis adjusted for sex, age, MMSE score, BMI, education level, marital status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, energy intake, physical activity, employment status, depressive tendency, and history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
aCLAs were divided into two groups based on the frequency of participation; “at least once or more per month” (high); “once or several times per year or less” (low)
bOR for cognitive decline compared with low-frequency CLAs as a reference
CI, confidence interval; CLA, cognitive leisure activity; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination