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. 2021 Jul 1;17(7):1343–1354. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.9192

Table 3.

Confusion matrix for epoch-by-epoch sleep staging in MESA.

CReSS Sleep Staging PSG Sleep Staging
CReSS Applied to Heart Rate and Airflow Signals
Wake REM Sleep Light Sleep Deep Sleep
Wake 55,524 943 7,383 203
71.0%* 2.3% 4.9% 0.8%
REM sleep 3,152 32,275 6,115 68
4.0% 80.1%* 4.1% 0.3%
Light sleep 19,267 7,004 126,217 11,271
24.6% 17.4% 84.4%* 46.6%
Deep sleep 280 88 9,802 12,655
0.4% 0.2% 6.6% 52.3%*
PPV 86.7% 77.6% 77.1% 55.4%*
CReSS Applied to Heart Rate, Airflow, and Thoracic Respiratory Effort Signals
Wake REM Sleep Light Sleep Deep Sleep
Wake 59,487 598 7,299 131
76.0%* 1.5% 4.9% 0.5%
REM sleep 2,752 34,390 6,009 69
3.5% 85.3%* 4.0% 0.3%
Light sleep 15,837 5,265 127,388 11,987
20.2% 13.1% 85.2%* 49.5%
Deep sleep 147 57 8,821 12,010
0.2% 0.1% 5.9% 49.6%*
PPV 88.1% 79.6% 79.4% 57.1%*

*Values are the number of epochs of each PSG-scored sleep stage that were correctly identified by CReSS and the percentage of epochs within each PSG-defined sleep stage that were correctly identified by CReSS (that is, sensitivity). The percentage values labeled as PPV represent the percentage of epochs within each CReSS-defined sleep stage that was correct per PSG. CReSS = CardioRespiratory Sleep Staging, MESA = Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, PPV = positive predictive value, PSG = polysomnography, REM = rapid eye movement.