Table 1.
General characteristics and nocturnal polysomnography data.
| Children Aged < 11 Years (n = 20) | Adolescents Aged 11–18 Years (n = 21) | Adults Aged 19–44 Years (n = 23) | Middle-Aged Patients Aged 45–64 Years (n = 22) | Seniors Aged > 64 Years (n = 20) | P (1-way ANOVA) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical data | ||||||
| Male/female, n | 14/6 | 8/13 | 15/8 | 12/10 | 7/13 | ns |
| Overweight/obese (%) | 55 | 67 | 73 | 100 | 90 | < .005a |
| Hypersomnolence age at onset, y | 6.8 ± 1.64 | 11.9 ± 3.02 | 19.6 ± 7.20 | 34.7 ± 14.34 | 38.1 ± 21.27 | < .0001 |
| Cataplexy age at onset, y | 6.8 ± 1.51 | 11.6 ± 2.56 | 21.0 ± 8.63 | 40.2 ± 14.59 | 43.7 ± 19.25 | < .0001 |
| Sleep paralysis (%) | 15 | 52 | 70 | 59 | 40 | < .01a |
| Sleep paralysis age at onset, y | 6.7 ± 2.08 | 11.4 ± 2.91 | 22.2 ± 8.82 | 37.1 ± 15.23 | 45.7 ± 18.92 | < .0001 |
| Hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations (%) | 45 | 67 | 61 | 82 | 60 | nsa |
| Hypnagogic/hypnopompic age at onset, y | 6.6 ± 1.51 | 12.4 ± 2.95 | 20.8 ± 7.07 | 40.1 ± 12.42 | 45.2 ± 14.92 | < .0001 |
| Disrupted nocturnal sleep (%) | 100 | 100 | 87 | 95 | 70 | < .005a |
| Disrupted nocturnal sleep age at onset, y | 6.4 ± 1.37 | 10.7 ± 3.69 | 21.4 ± 7.76 | 36.5 ± 14.61 | 40.5 ± 19.76 | < .0001 |
| Delay from hypersomnolence onset to diagnosis, y | 1.3 ± 1.53 | 2.3 ± 2.22 | 12.3 ± 9.42 | 18.9 ± 13.56 | 32.6 ± 20.55 | < .0001 |
| Delay from cataplexy onset to diagnosis, y | 1.3 ± 1.56 | 2.6 ± 2.06 | 10.0 ± 9.57 | 13.4 ± 12.43 | 27.0 ± 18.06 | < .0001 |
| Sleep architecture | ||||||
| Time in bed, min | 565.7 ± 66.24 | 499.7 ± 44.08 | 475.1 ± 90.43 | 473.7 ± 84.77 | 490.9 ± 86.25 | < .005 |
| Total sleep time, min | 512.8 ± 59.51 | 446.0 ± 53.87 | 371.0 ± 88.49 | 390.5 ± 83.16 | 361.8 ± 88.91 | < .0001 |
| Sleep latency, min | 3.9 ± 3.78 | 3.1 ± 2.41 | 4.9 ± 3.17 | 7.2 ± 9.42 | 7.4 ± 6.64 | ns |
| REM sleep latency, min | 21.8 ± 37.04 | 29.5 ± 60.55 | 48.7 ± 60.92 | 55.6 ± 62.44 | 64.5 ± 81.65 | ns |
| Wakefulness after sleep onset, min | 49.0 ± 37.45 | 50.5 ± 39.27 | 90.1 ± 52.15 | 94.2 ± 50.38 | 131.5 ± 72.64 | < .0001 |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 91.1 ± 6.20 | 89.1 ± 7.32 | 79.2 ± 10.96 | 78.7 ± 9.23 | 72.3 ± 13.94 | < .0001 |
| Sleep stage N1 (%) | 12.3 ± 5.30 | 10.3 ± 5.00 | 15.5 ± 6.30 | 16.7 ± 7.62 | 23.1 ± 17.92 | < .005 |
| Sleep stage N2 (%) | 35.1 ± 4.44 | 44.1 ± 8.38 | 42.5 ± 8.92 | 45.1 ± 10.15 | 33.1 ± 7.42 | < .001 |
| Sleep stage N3 (%) | 26.2 ± 6.51 | 21.7 ± 7.32 | 19.0 ± 5.35 | 12.5 ± 5.45 | 23.9 ± 7.62 | < .0001 |
| REM sleep stage (%) | 26.5 ± 5.43 | 23.8 ± 6.62 | 23.0 ± 5.13 | 26.2 ± 7.49 | 22.7 ± 14.74 | ns |
| AHI (events/h) | 0.27 ± 0.74 | 0.9 ± 2.77 | 6.8 ± 9.13 | 12.2 ± 14.23 | 17.2 ± 16.75 | < .0001 |
| PLMI (events/h) | 14.6 ± 14.50 | 7.9 ± 12.98 | 15.4 ± 13.85 | 33.6 ± 36.15 | 26.2 ± 18.14 | .002 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. aChi-square. AHI = apnea-hypopnea index, ANOVA = analysis of variance, ns = not significant, PLMI = periodic limb movement index, REM = rapid eye movement, SD = standard deviation.