Table 5.
Difference in study variables between the initial evaluation and during the pandemic according to baseline chronotype.
| Difference | Morning (n = 13) | Intermediate (n = 66) | Evening (n = 15) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bedtime, h | 1.5 (0.5–2.5) | 1.1 (0.5–2.0) | 2.0 (0.5–3.0) | .165 |
| Sleep latency, min | 0 (−5.0 to +5.0) | −0.0 (−7.0 to +10.0) | 0 (−10.0 to +10.0) | .998 |
| Wake-up time, h | 1.5 (1.5–2.0) | 2.0 (1.5–2.5) | 2.5 (2.0–3.0)* | .008 |
| Sleep duration, h | −0.3 ± 1.1 | −0.0 ± 1.2 | 0.4 ± 1.4 | .284 |
| Social jet lag, h | −0.1 (−0.4 to +0.2) | −0.5 (−1.1 to +0.1) | −0.9 (−1.1 to -0.3) | .253 |
| ESS | −1.0 (−7.0 to +3.0) | 0.0 (−2.0 to +3.5) | 0.0 (−7.0 to +2.0) | .453 |
| PSQI | −0.3 ± 2.4 | 0.6 ± 3.0 | 0.1 ± 3.2 | .521 |
| WHOQOL-BREF | ||||
| Physical | −0.3 ± 13.8 | −6.2 ± 13.6 | −6.4 ± 15.6 | .370 |
| Psychological | −0.9 ± 7.0 | −8.5 ± 13.1 | −5.7 ± 13.9 | .134 |
| Social | 5.2 ± 20.1 | −1.6 ± 24.3 | −11.1 ± 20.8 | .203 |
| Environmental | 6.6 ± 9.1 | 2.9 ± 12.1 | 0.4 ± 11.3 | .368 |
| MEQ | −6.0 ± 7.2 | −3.1 ± 6.5 | 1.0 ± 7.9* | .027 |
Data are presented as means ± SDs or medians (25th–75th percentile). *P < .05, compared with the morning chronotype. ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale, MEQ = Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SDs = standard deviations, WHOQOL-BREF = World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-abbreviated version.