Table 1. Characteristics of patients in study of diagnostic performance of self-collected samples for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 testing, Atlanta, Georgia, USA*.
| Characteristic |
Total |
PCR results for nasopharyngeal swab sample† |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Positive |
Negative |
||
| Total |
1,076 (100.0) |
80 (100.0) |
926 (100.0) |
| Sex | |||
| F | 514 (47.8) | 36 (45.0) | 445 (48.1) |
| M | 559 (51.9) | 44 (55.0) | 479 (51.7) |
| Nonbinary | 2 (0.2) | 0 | 2 (0.2) |
| Refused/unknown |
1 (0.1) |
0 |
0 |
| Age, y | |||
| 18–29 | 145 (13.5) | 8 (10.0) | 122 (13.2) |
| 30–39 | 155 (14.4) | 12 (15.0) | 128 (13.8) |
| 40–49 | 162 (15.1) | 18 (22.5) | 139 (15.0) |
| 50–59 | 308 (28.6) | 20 (25.0) | 271 (29.3) |
|
>60 |
306 (28.4) |
22 (27.5) |
266 (28.7) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| American Indian/Alaska Native, non-Hispanic | 2 (0.2) | 0 | 2 (0.2) |
| Asian, non-Hispanic | 10 (0.9) | 1 (1.3) | 9 (1.0) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 874 (81.2) | 67 (83.8) | 746 (80.6) |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 71 (6.6) | 8 (10.0) | 60 (6.5) |
| Multiple race | 16 (1.5) | 0 | 15 (1.6) |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.1) |
| Unknown/other/refused | 21 (2.0) | 2 (2.5) | 18 (1.9) |
| White, non-Hispanic |
81 (7.5) |
2 (2.5) |
75 (8.1) |
| Chronic medical conditions | |||
| No condition reported | 270 (25.1) | 24 (30.0) | 229 (24.7) |
| >1 condition reported | 806 (74.9) | 56 (70.0) | 697 (75.3) |
| Emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder | 90 (8.4) | 5 (6.3) | 77 (8.3) |
| Asthma | 224 (20.8) | 13 (16.3) | 192 (20.7) |
| Other chronic lung disease | 65 (6.0) | 6 (7.5) | 55 (5.9) |
| Diabetes mellitus (type I or II) | 259 (24.1) | 22 (27.5) | 219 (23.7) |
| Hypertension (high blood pressure) | 491 (45.6) | 32 (40.0) | 425 (45.9) |
| Chronic heart or cardiovascular disease | 154 (14.3) | 8 (10.0) | 135 (14.6) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 76 (7.1) | 2 (2.5) | 68 (7.3) |
| Liver disease | 40 (3.7) | 3 (3.8) | 34 (3.7) |
| Immunocompromising conditions‡ | 91 (8.5) | 6 (7.5) | 78 (8.4) |
| Neurologic or neurodevelopmental disorders§ | 110 (10.2) | 4 (5.0) | 94 (10.2) |
| Cancer (including in remission) | 99 (9.2) | 2 (2.5) | 91 (9.8) |
| Other chronic diseases |
178 (16.5) |
12 (15.0) |
155 (16.7) |
| Body mass index¶ | |||
| Underweight | 36 (3.4) | 3 (3.8) | 28 (3.0) |
| Normal weight | 366 (34.0) | 18 (22.5) | 327 (35.3) |
| Overweight | 271 (25.2) | 18 (22.5) | 236 (25.5) |
| Obese | 394 (36.6) | 40 (50.0) | 328 (35.4) |
| Unknown |
9 (0.8) |
1 (1.2) |
7 (0.8) |
| Enrollment location | |||
| Emergency department | 861 (80.0) | 74 (92.5) | 722 (78.0) |
| Labor and delivery department | 15 (1.4) | 0 | 13 (1.4) |
| Preoperative screening clinic |
200 (18.6) |
6 (7.5) |
191 (20.6) |
| Reason for visit | |||
| COVID-19 concern | 196 (18.2) | 31 (38.8) | 153 (16.5) |
| No COVID-19 concern, but chief complaint included COVID-19–like symptoms | 329 (30.6) | 25 (31.2) | 280 (30.2) |
| Admission to labor and delivery unit | 10 (0.9) | 0 | 8 (0.9) |
| Preoperative requirements | 180 (16.7) | 4 (5.0) | 173 (18.7) |
| Other reasons |
361 (33.6) |
20 (25.0) |
312 (33.7) |
| Known close contact with COVID-19 patient | |||
| Yes | 129 (12.0) | 16 (20.0) | 107 (11.6) |
| Yes, <14 d since most recent exposure | 30 (2.8) | 9 (11.3) | 19 (2.1) |
| No | 890 (82.7) | 56 (70.0) | 775 (83.7) |
| Unknown |
57 (5.3) |
8 (10.0) |
44 (4.8) |
| Reported a previous positive COVID-19 test | |||
| Yes | 52 (4.8) | 11 (13.8) | 37 (4.0) |
| No |
1,024 (95.2) |
69 (86.2) |
889 (96.0) |
| COVID-19 symptom status | |||
| Always asymptomatic | 383 (35.6) | 10 (12.5) | 353 (38.1) |
| Currently asymptomatic | 83 (7.7) | 7 (8.8) | 70 (7.6) |
| Currently symptomatic |
610 (56.7) |
63 (78.7) |
503 (54.3) |
| Days since symptom onset# | |||
| 0–2 | 187 (30.7) | 19 (30.2) | 150 (29.8) |
| 3–7 | 233 (38.2) | 26 (41.2) | 194 (38.6) |
| 8–14 | 84 (13.8) | 12 (19.0) | 67 (13.3) |
| >15 | 86 (14.1) | 3 (4.8) | 76 (15.1) |
| Unknown |
20 (3.3) |
3 (4.8) |
16 (3.2) |
| Current signs and symptoms# | |||
| Fever, measured | 52 (8.5) | 14 (22.2) | 32 (6.4) |
| Fever, subjective | 122 (20.0) | 26 (41.3) | 88 (17.5) |
| Cough | 324 (53.1) | 42 (66.7) | 266 (52.9) |
| Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing | 346 (56.7) | 33 (52.4) | 289 (57.5) |
| Fatigue | 306 (50.2) | 43 (68.3) | 243 (48.3) |
| Muscle or body aches | 275 (45.1) | 34 (54.0) | 224 (44.5) |
| Headaches | 212 (34.8) | 28 (44.4) | 168 (33.4) |
| New loss of taste | 101 (16.6) | 20 (31.7) | 71 (14.1) |
| New loss of smell | 72 (11.8) | 18 (28.6) | 48 (9.5) |
| Sore throat | 135 (22.1) | 14 (22.2) | 112 (22.2) |
| Congestion or runny nose | 230 (37.7) | 23 (36.5) | 188 (37.4) |
| Nausea | 150 (24.6) | 20 (31.7) | 120 (23.9) |
| Vomiting | 73 (12.0) | 6 (9.5) | 63 (12.5) |
| Diarrhea |
121 (19.8) |
11 (17.5) |
103 (20.5) |
| Current symptom groups# | |||
| Respiratory symptoms | 514 (84.3) | 51 (81.0) | 426 (84.7) |
| Upper respiratory symptoms | 291 (47.7) | 28 (44.4) | 242 (48.1) |
| Lower respiratory symptoms | 459 (75.2) | 46 (73.0) | 383 (76.1) |
| Nonrespiratory symptoms | 504 (82.6) | 58 (92.1) | 411 (81.7) |
| Upper respiratory and loss of taste or smell | 81 (13.3) | 11 (17.5) | 64 (12.7) |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 214 (35.1) | 23 (36.5) | 178 (35.4) |
| Nonrespiratory symptoms excluding loss of taste or smell | 493 (80.8) | 55 (87.3) | 404 (80.3) |
| Nonconstitutional symptoms |
150 (24.6) |
8 (12.7) |
131 (26.0) |
| Case definitions# | |||
| COVID-19–like symptoms | 106 (17.4) | 23 (36.5) | 77 (15.3) |
| COVID-19** | 553 (90.7) | 58 (92.1) | 455 (90.5) |
| Influenza-like illness | 34 (5.6) | 10 (15.9) | 19 (3.8) |
| Acute respiratory infection†† | 513 (84.1) | 50 (79.4) | 426 (84.7) |
*Values are no. (%). Percentages rounded to form a sum of 100.0%. COVID-19, coronavirus disease. †Using CDC 2019-nCoV Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Diagnostic Panel (15). ‡For example, HIV co-infection (not virally suppressed) or history of chemotherapy within past 12 mo, solid organ or bone marrow transplant, long-term steroid use (i.e., 20 mg for >1 mo), immunosuppressant use, or use of tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors. §e.g., seizure disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, traumatic brain injuries, or stroke. ¶Calculated using self-reported height and weight. #Among currently symptomatic participants. **According to definition established by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (17). ††According to definition established by the World Health Organization (18).