Table 4.
Association between COVID-19 potentially influential factors and the evolution of weight at t1 and t2, estimated independently for each symptom using linear mixed-effect regression modeling
| Weight at t1 vs. t0 (%)* |
Weight at t2 vs. t0 (%)* |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N/nb of non-missing data (%) | Coefficient [95% CI] | P value | Coefficient [95% CI] | P value | |
| COVID-19 SYMPTOMS symptom | |||||
| Anorexia/Early feeling of fullness/Long satiation | 314/401 (78) | –1.8 [–3.1 to –0.5] | 0.006† | –1.2 [–2.6 to 0.2] | 0.082 |
| Anosmia/Ageusia or dysgeusia/Change in taste | 225/387 (58) | 0.2 [–0.9 to 1.3] | 0.678 | 0.2 [–1 to 1.3] | 0.768 |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 133/401 (33) | –0.4 [–1.6 to 0.7] | 0.431 | 0.2 [–0.9 to 1.4] | 0.683 |
| Difficulties swallowing/Pharyngeal or esophageal pain | 88/398 (22) | –0.8 [–2.1 to 0.5] | 0.221 | –0.2 [–1.5 to 1.2] | 0.809 |
| Painful mouth/White, pasty tongue | 146/387 (38) | –0.5 [–1.6 to 0.6] | 0.376 | 0.4 [–0.8 to 1.6] | 0.511 |
| Difficulties drinking | 76/396 (19) | –0.4 [–1.7 to 0.9] | 0.578 | –0.1 [–1.5 to 1.3] | 0.930 |
| Food disgust | 187/397 (47) | –1.3 [–2.4 to –0.3] | 0.013‡ | –0.7 [–1.8 to 0.4] | 0.196 |
| Fever | 309/395 (78) | –0.2 [–1.5 to 1.1] | 0.769 | –0.1 [–1.5 to 1.2] | 0.863 |
| Dyspnea/Coughing | 314/401 (78) | –0.2 [–1.5 to 1] | 0.721 | 0.0 [–1.3 to 1.4] | 0.948 |
| Pain (muscular, cranial, headaches, etc.) | 249/394 (63) | –0.7 [–1.8 to 0.4] | 0.195 | –0.3 [–1.5 to 0.9] | 0.608 |
| Fatigue | 352/402 (88) | –2.3 [–3.9 to –0.8] | 0.003† | –1 [–2.7 to 0.6] | 0.227 |
| Digestive or transit disorders | 287/400 (72) | 0.3 [–0.9 to 1.4] | 0.661 | –0.7 [–2 to 0.5] | 0.238 |
| Preexisting chronic diseases | |||||
| Cognitive disorders | 13/403 (3) | –1.8 [–4.7 to 1.1] | 0.223 | 0.0 [–3.1 to 3.2] | 0.980 |
| Chronic respiratory disease (with chronic medication/home oxygen therapy/sleep apnea) | 72/403 (18) | 0.8 [–0.6 to 2.1] | 0.275 | 0.7 [–0.8 to 2.1] | 0.384 |
| Immunodepression/Cancer (presently treated) | 51/403 (13) | –0.9 [–2.5 to 0.6] | 0.235 | 0.7 [–0.9 to 2.3] | 0.390 |
| Hypertension | 169/403 (42) | –0.4 [–1.5 to 0.6] | 0.446 | –1.4 [–2.5 to –0.2] | 0.018‡ |
| Heart failure | 19/403 (5) | 1 [–1.4 to 3.4] | 0.405 | 0.2 [–2.5 to 2.9] | 0.900 |
| Diabetes (all types) | 92/403 (23) | –1.8 [–3 to –0.6] | 0.004† | –1.5 [–2.8 to –0.2] | 0.026‡ |
| Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease, etc.) | 5/403 (1) | 2.6 [–2.2 to 7.5] | 0.291 | 3.4 [–1.5 to 8.3] | 0.175 |
| Inflammatory rheumatic diseases (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) | 17/403 (4) | 0 [–2.7 to 2.7] | 0.994 | 1.6 [–1.3 to 4.4] | 0.275 |
| BMI, kg/m2, before COVID-19 infection (in categories) | |||||
| <18.5 | 3/393 (1) | –4.8 [–10.6 to 1] | 0.105 | –0.5 [–6.3 to 5.4] | 0.879 |
| 18.5–25 | 92/393(23) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| 25–30 | 147/393 (37) | –1.6 [–3 to –0.3] | 0.018‡ | –1.7 [–3.1 to –0.3] | 0.018‡ |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 151/393 (38) | –2.2 [–3.5 to –0.9] | 0.001 † | –3.7 [–5.1 to –2.3] | < 0.001† |
| Nutritional strategies and difficulties | |||||
| Food supply difficulties related to home confinement | 16/401 (4) | –1.8 [–4.6 to 1] | 0.216 | –1.4 [–4.3 to 1.4] | 0.327 |
| Incentives to eat, and if needed, help given by caregivers or a relative | 132/379 (35) at t1, | ||||
| 196/398 (49) at t2 | –0.5 [–1.3 to 0.4] | 0.270 | –0.1 [–0.9 to 0.7] | 0.839 | |
| Advice given by a nutritionist | 105/366 (29) at t1, 93/395 (24) at t2 | –1.2 [–2.1 to –0.3] | 0.007 † | –0.5 [–1.5 to 0.5] | 0.307 |
| Adapted meals during hospitalization§ | 235/387 (61) at t1 | –0.7 [–1.9 to 0.5] | 0.239 | / | / |
| Snacking during hospitalization§ | 189/386 (49) at t1 | –1 [–2.1 to 0.1] | 0.087 | / | / |
| ONS (yes/no, patient declaration) | 196/385 (51) taken at t1, 120/400 (30) prescribed at t2 | -–0.6 [–1.5 to 0.2] | 0.150 | 1.6 [0.6–2.5] | 0.001† |
| Total ONS|| (units, patient declaration) | 14 [4.5; 22.5] taken at t1, 6015;60 prescribed at t2 | –0.01 [–0.04 to 0.01] | 0.325 | 0.02 [0.01–0.04] | 0.001† |
BMI, body mass index; ONS, Oral nutritional supplements
⁎
Weight analyses were performed using a mixed-effect regression model, with an individual random effect nested in a center random effect, and an independent fixed effect at t1 and at t2 for the variable of interest and for the adjustment factors (the number of days in intensive care, admission to post-acute and rehabilitation and edema status).
†
P < 0.01.
‡
P < 0.05.
§
Variable affecting only the hospitalization period; analysis was performed at t1 only.
||
60 (15%) missing data at t1, 18 (4%) missing data at t2.