Table 2.
Characteristics of the population and of the SFFQs validated in the studies included in the review, ordered chronologically.
| Reference | Year of publication | Country | n | Sex | Age range or mean age (SD) or median [IQR] | Number of items | Number of intake frequency response categories | Survey administration method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Willet et al. (42) | 1985 | USA | 173 | W | 34–59 | 61 | 9 | Interview |
| Willet et al. (13) | 1987 | USA | 27 | B | 20–54 | 116 | 9 | Self-administered*† |
| Tjønneland et al. (27) | 1991 | Denmark | 144 | B | 40–64 | 92 | ND | Self-administered*‡ |
| Rimm et al. (39) | 1992 | USA | 127 | M | 40–75 | 131 | 9 | Self-administered |
| Horwath(66) | 1993 | New Zealand | 53 | B | 54–86 | 120 | 5 and open format§ | Self-administered*‖ |
| Longnecker et al. (51) | 1993 | USA | 138 | B | 22–82 | 116 | 9 | Self-administered |
| Martín et al. (5) | 1993 | Spain | 147 | W | 18–74 | 118 | ND | Self-administered |
| Feskanich et al. (46) | 1994 | USA | 127 | M | 40–75 | 45 | 4 | Self-administered |
| Lee et al. (50) | 1994 | USA | 74 | W | 30–60 | 84 | 9 | Interview*¶ |
| Porrini et al. (21) | 1994 | Italy | 30 | B | 28.5 (6.5) | ND | ND | Self-administered |
| Ramon et al. (22) | 1994 | Spain | 58 | B | 13–70 | 39 | Open format§ | Interview |
| Rothenberg(25) | 1994 | Italy | 46 | B | 19–47 | 93 | ND | Interview*‖ |
| Fidanza et al. (33) | 1995 | Italy | 46 | B | 19–47 | 93 | Daily, weekly and/or monthly, with the stated number of times (1–6) | Self-administered*‖ |
| Gnardellis et al. (12) | 1995 | Greece | 80 | B | 25–67 | 190 | Open format§ | Self-administered*‖ |
| Grootenhuis et al. (36) | 1995 | Netherlands | 74 | B | 50–75 | 75 | 11 and open format§ | Self-administered |
| Bonifacj et al. (30) | 1997 | France | 98 | B | 41.9 (11.8) | 134 | 6 | Self-administered |
| Friis et al. (35) | 1997 | Denmark | 122 | W | 20–29 | ND | 9 | Self-administered |
| Kumanyika et al. (49) | 1997 | USA | 96 | B | 66–100 | 99 | 5 | Interview*‖ |
| Ocké et al. (20) | 1997 | Netherlands | 121 | B | 20–70 | 178 | Open format§ | Self- administered*‖ |
| Hérnandez et al. (47) | 1998 | Mexico | 134 | W | ND | 116 | 9 | Self-administered |
| Klipstein et al. (14) | 1998 | Netherlands | 80 | B | 55–75 | 170 | Open format§ | Both |
| Smith et al. (67) | 1998 | Australia | 79 | B | 63–80 | 145 | 9 | Self-administered |
| Fregapane and Asensio(34) | 2000 | Spain | 38 | B | 18–61 | 202 | Open format§ | Self-administered |
| Jackson et al. (48) | 2001 | Jamaica | 123 | B | 25–74 | 70 | 8 | Interview*¶ |
| Schröder et al. (26) | 2001 | Spain | 44 | B | 30.7 (10.4) | 157 | ND | Self-administered |
| Tokudome et al. (60) | 2001 | Japan | 79 | W | 32–66 | 102 | 8 | Self-administered** |
| Rodríguez et al. (40) | 2002 | Guatemala | 73 | B | 22–55 | 52 | Open format§ | Interview |
| Masson et al. (16) | 2003 | United Kingdom | 81 | B | 19–58 | 150 | Open format§ | Self-administered*‖ |
| Moreira et al. (17) | 2003 | Portugal | 246 | B | 18–29 | 89 | 9 | Interview*‖ |
| Chen et al. (54) | 2004 | Bangladesh | 189 | B | 17–75 | 39 | Open format§ | Interview*† |
| Ke et al. (57) | 2005 | China | 100 | B | M: 41.8 (6); W: 40.9 (5.9) | 125 | 7 | ND |
| Nath and Huffman(38) | 2005 | USA | 20 | B | 53.3 (17.1) | 131 | 9 | ND |
| Roddam et al. (23) | 2005 | United Kingdom | 202 | W | 50–64 | 87 | Multiple choice answers | Self-administered |
| Shatenstein et al. (41) | 2005 | Canada | 248 | ND | 18–82 | 74 | ND | Self-administered*‖ |
| Dumartheray et al. (31) | 2006 | Switzerland | 44 | W | 75–87 | 110 | 9 | Self-administered |
| Sudha et al. (59) | 2006 | India | 102 | B | 40.9 (12.8) | 222 | Open format§ | Interview*† |
| Nöthlings et al. (19) | 2007 | Germany | 393 | B | M: 59.0 (8.0); W: 55.0 (10.0) | 102 | ND | Self-administered |
| Mullie et al. (18) | 2009 | Belgium | 95 | M | 43.7 (6.6) | 150 | 9 | ND |
| Barret and Gibson(64) | 2010 | Germany | 72 | B | 23–72 | 297 | ND | Self-administered |
| Fernández et al. (32) | 2010 | Spain | 158 | B | 55–80 | 137 | 9 | Self-administered |
| Yang et al. (61) | 2010 | Korea | 124 | B | 40–70 | 103 | 9 | Interview*‖ |
| Fayet et al. (65) | 2011 | Australia | 256 | F | 18–35 | 235 | 9 | Self-administered** |
| van Dongen et al. (28) | 2011 | Belgium | 70 | B | 25–74 | 322 | 9 and 5 | Self-administered*‖ |
| Bowen et al. (53) | 2012 | India | 530 | B | ND | 184 | Open format§ | Interview*† |
| Dehghan et al. (37) | 2012 | Argentina | 156 | B | 52.7 (9.5) | 96 | 9 | Interview |
| Park et al. (58) | 2012 | Corea | 288 | B | 30–66 | 112 | ND | Both*‖ |
| Macedo et al. (52) | 2013 | Mexico | 97 | B | 18–71 | 162 | 9 | Interview |
| Babić et al. (24) | 2014 | Croatia | 68 | B | 23–57 | 101 | 7 | Self-administered*‖ |
| Gunes et al. (70) | 2015 | Turkey | 120 | B | 30–70 | 229 | 9 | Interview*‖ |
| Denova et al. (45) | 2016 | Mexico | 230 | B | 41.4 (12.2) | 140 | ND | Interview** |
| Jayawardena et al. (56) | 2016 | Sri Lanka | 77 | B | 46.5 (8.3) | 85 | Open format§ | Interview*‖ |
| Knudsen et al. (15) | 2016 | Denmark | 97 | M | 20–42 | 220 | ND | Self-administered*‖** |
| Gazan et al. (29) | 2017 | France | 1863 | B | 18–79 | 94 | ND | ND |
| Sanjeevi et al. (44) | 2017 | USA | 70 | B | 36.0 (0.8) | 95 | 10 | Interview |
| Whitton et al. (62) | 2017 | Singapore | 161 | B | 44.0 (14.0) | 163 | Open format§ | Interview* |
| Yuan et al. (43) | 2017 | USA | 632 | B | 45–80 | 152 | 9 | Self-administered |
| Bijani et al. (55) | 2018 | Iran | 200 | B | 68.1 (6.5) | 138 | Number of times daily, weekly and/or monthly | Interview*‖ |
| Zack et al. (69) | 2018 | Tanzania | 317 | B | 52 [IQR 45, 60] | 179 | 9 | Interview†† |
| Aoun et al. (63) | 2019 | Lebanon | 114 | B | 18–60 | 157 | 4 | Interview*‡ |
| Beck et al. (68) | 2019 | New Zealand | 110 | W | 16–45 | 220 | 9 | Self-administered |
IQR, interquartile range; W, women; B, both; M, men; ND, not described.
*Visual support material was used.
†Household or utensil-based measurements.
‡Food models and photographs.
§Times per day, week, month, never, etc., with non-specific ranges.
‖Photographs.
¶Food models.
**Electronic format.
††Black and white plates and food portions drawings.