Table 3.
Validity of the analysed semiquantitative FFQ (SFFQ), ordered chronologically
| Reference | Reference method for validation | No. of days of the reference method | Intervals between SFFQ and reference method | Intervals between the reference method | Unit of analysis | Unadjusted correlation coefficients (minimum–maximum values) | Adjusted correlation coefficients* (minimum–maximum values) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Willet et al. (42) | FR | 28 | 2–4 months | 3 months | E&N | r† = 0·26–0·73 | r† = 0·36–0·75 |
| Willet et al. (13) | FR | 365 | 18 months | Each day in one year | E&N | r† = 0·38–0·76 | r† = 0·21–0·68; 0·28–0·62 ‡§; 0·28–0·70*†‡§ |
| Tjønneland et al. (27) | WFR | 14 | 0 | 2–3 weeks | E&N | r = M: 0·17–0·64; W: 0·26–0·53 | r = M: 0·27–0·71; W: 0·26–0·53 |
| Rimm et al. (39) | FR | 14 | ND | 6–7 months | E&N | r† = 0·25–0·86 | r† = 0·28–0·87; D: 0·32–0·92 |
| Horwath(66) | FR | 10 | 2 weeks | 2 months | E&N | r = M: 0·43–0·78; W: 0·34–0·66 | ND |
| Longnecker et al. (51) | FR | 2–8 d | ND | Spring, summer and autumn | E&N | r†‖¶ = 0·21–0·60 | r†‖ = 0·23–0·57; 0·24–0·57¶; D: 0·28–0·78¶ |
| Martín et al. (5) | FR | 16 | 45 d | 3 months | E&N | r† = 0·35–0·90 | r† = 0·35–0·89; D: 0·45–0·91 |
| Feskanich et al. (46) | FR | 14 | ND | 6 months | E&N | r† = 0·08–0·50 | r† = 0·10–0·65; D: 0·12–0·76 |
| Lee et al. (50) | 24HR | 1 | ND | ND | E&N | r = 0·21–0·66 | ND |
| Porrini et al. (21) | FR | 7 | ND | ND | E&N | σ = 0·45–0·91 | ND |
| Ramon et al. (22) | FR | 7 | 8–15 d | 5–11 months | E&N | r† = 0·17–0·54; D: 0·20–0·61 | r† = 0·19–0·58 |
| Rothenberg(25) | FR | 4 | ND | 1 week | E&N | r = 0·35–0·60 | ND |
| Fidanza et al. (33) | WFR | 7 | 0 | 0 | E&N | σ = 0·33–0·84 | ND |
| FG | Displayed in tertiles | ||||||
| Gnardellis et al. (12) | 24HR | 12 | ND | 1 month | E&N | r†‖** = M: 0·18–0·71; D: 0·28–0·82. W: 0·04–0·58; D: −0·05–0·78 | r†‖** = M: 0·23–0·69; W: −0·04–0·63 |
| Grootenhuis et al. (36) | DH | 1 | ND | ND | E&N | r = 0·36–0·77 | ND |
| Bonifacj et al. (30) | FR | 7 | ND | Each season | E&N | r† = 0·19–0·75 | r† = 0·22–0·80; D: 0·25–0·80 |
| FG | σ = 0·25–0·76 | ND | |||||
| Friis et al. (35) | FR | 12 | ND | ND | E&N | r†‖ = 0·24–0·63 | r†‖ = 0·29–0·72; D: 0·30–0·88 |
| Kumanyika et al. (49) | 24HR | 6 | 0 | 1 month | E&N | ND | r†† = D: 0·24–0·73 |
| Ocké et al. (20) | 24HR | 12 | 0 | 1 month | E&N | r† = M: 0·26–0·83; D: 0·34–0·87. W: 0·35–0·90; D: 0·47–0·94 | r† = M: 0·23–0·82; D: 0·29–0·85. W: 0·23–0·84; D: 0·31–0·87 |
| Hérnandez et al. (47) | 24HR | 16 | 0 | Each season | E&N | r†‖ = 0·19–0·61; D: 0·12–0·71 | r†‖ = 0·05–0·67 |
| Klipstein et al. (14) | FR | 15 | 2 months | 1–2 months | E&N | r = 0·47–0·89 | r¶ = 0·39–0·83 D: 0·44–0·85 |
| Smith et al. (67) | WFR | 4 | ND | 4 months | E&N | r = 0·19–0·68 | r = 0·10–0·70; σ = 0·16–0·69 |
| Fregapane and Asensio(34) | WFR | 4 | ND | ND | Nutrients | σ = 0·302–0·893; ICC = 0·199–0·875 | ND |
| Jackson et al. (48) | 24HR | 12 | ND | 3 months | E&N | r† = 0·20–0·86 | r† = 0·17–0·85 |
| Schröder et al. (26) | FR | 3 | 1–4 weeks | 3 weeks | E&N | r = 0·17–0·61; ICC = 0·12–0·48 | ND |
| Tokudome et al. (60) | WFR | 28 | 1–2 weeks | Each season | E&N | r = 0·17–0·68; r† = 0·30–0·68; σ = 0·26–0·63 | r† = 0·26–0·71; D: 0·28–0·73; σ = 0·22–0·71 |
| FG | r = 0·14–0·69; r† = 0·16–0·78; σ = 0·29–0·68 | r† = 0·16–0·75; D: 0·17–0·76; σ = 0·28–0·68 | |||||
| Rodríguez et al. (40) | 24HR | 2–3 | ND | 1 month | E&N | r‡‡ = 0·12–0·64; D: 0·22–0·73 | r‡‡ = 0·11–0·59; D: 0·19–0·84 |
| FG | r = 0·01–0·59 | ND | |||||
| Masson et al. (16) | WFR | 4 | 9 d | ND | E&N | ND | M: r† = -0·45–0·83; σ = -0·13–0·72. W: r† = 0·37–0·86; σ = -0·04–0·79 |
| Moreira et al. (17) | FR | 4 | ND | 0 | E&N | r = 0·21–0·73 | r = 0·20–0·75 |
| Chen et al. (54) | FR | 14 | 76 d | 6–9 months | E&N | r† = USDA: 0·06–0·32; IND: 0·01–0·27 | r† = USDA: 0·03–0·38; D: 0·05–0·70; IND: 0·01–0·32; D: 0·08–0·56 |
| FG | r† = 0·08–0·43 | r† = 0·09–0·39; D: 0·19–0·78 | |||||
| Ke et al. (57) | WFR | 3 | 1 week | ND | E&N | r = 0·16–0·52; r† = 0·17–0·65; σ = 0·17–0·70 | r = 0·12–0·58; r† = 0·20–0·63; σ = 0·19–0·67 |
| FG | r = 0·23–0·41; r† = 0·30–0·67; σ = 0·30–0·46 | r = 0·31–0·53; r† = 0·30–0·69; σ = 0·31–0·57 | |||||
| Nath and Huffman(38) | FR | 3 | ND | ND | E&N | r = −0·18–0·71 | r = -0·34–0·55 |
| Roddam et al. (23) | FR | 7 | 3 months | 0 | E&N | r = 0·16–0·75 | r = 0·12–0·75 |
| Shatenstein et al. (41) | 24HR | 4 | ND | ND | E&N | σ = 0·30–0·57; M: 0·27–0·62; W: 0·08–0·62 | ND |
| FG | σ = 0·32–0·45 | ND | |||||
| Dumartheray et al. (31) | WFR | 4 | ND | ND | E&N | r = 0·209–0·550; r† = 0·138–0·583 | r = 0·011–0·631; r† = -0·062–0·643 |
| Sudha et al. (59) | 24HR | 6 | ND | 2 months | E&N | r† = 0·22–0·72 | r† = 0·20–0·60; D: 0·22–0·67 |
| Nöthlings et al. (19) | 24HR | 2 | ND | ND | E&N |
r§§ = M: 0·13–0·70; D: 0·13–0·70. W: 0·30–0·97; D: 0·30–0·97. r‖‖ = M: 0·11–0·70; D: 0·11–0·70. W: 0·32–0·86; D: 0·13–0·47 |
r§§ = D: M: 0·19–1·00; W: 0·18–0·99. r‖‖ = D: M: 0·16–0·88; W: 0·25–1·00 |
| FG |
r§§ = M: 0·15–0·59; D: 0·29–0·98. W: 0·15–0·61; D: 0·22–0·79. r‖‖ = M: 0·14–0·62; D: 0·28–0·98. W: 0·15–0·60; D: 0·22–0·80 |
r§§ = M: 0·29–0·98; W: 0·22–0·79. r‖‖ = M: 0·28–0·98; W: 0·22–0·80 |
|||||
| Mullie et al. (18) | FR | 4 | ND | 2 weeks | E&N | ND | r† = 0·01–0·52 |
| Barret and Gibson(64) | FR | 28 | 0 | 3 months | E&N | ND | σ = 0·239- 0·810 |
| Fernández et al. (32) | FR | 12 | 1–2 months | 3 months | E&N | r = 0·24–0·61; ICC = 0·37–0·80 | r = 0·24–0·65; ICC = 0·40–0·78 |
| FG | ND | r = 0·37–0·72; ICC = 0·40–0·84 | |||||
| Yang et al. (61) | WFR | 9 | ND | Each season | E&N | ND | r‡ = 0·07–0·41‡; D: 0·08–0·72; r*‡ = 0·08–0·37 |
| Fayet et al. (65) | 24HR | 3 | ND | 2 weeks | E&N | ND | r† = 0·01–0·92; D: 0·41–0·99 |
| van Dongen et al. (28) | 24HR | 5 | ND | 2–3 months | E&N | r = M: 0·21–0·92; W: −0·02–0·84 | ND |
| Bowen et al. (53) | 24HR | 3 | At least one week | 1–2 months | E&N | σ† = 0·42–0·69 | σ† = 0·43–0·52; D: 0·57–0·87 |
| FG | σ† =0·25–0·72 | σ† = 0·24–0·59 | |||||
| Dehghan et al. (37) | 24HR | U: 8 24HR; R: 3 24HR |
0 | 3–4 months | E&N |
r† = U: 0·20–0·47; R: 0·11–0·4 l; r†**= D: U: 0·33–0·62; R: 0·35–0·90 |
ND |
| Park et al. (58) | FR | 3 | ND | Each season | E&N | σ = 0·24–0·42; M: 0·06–0·41; W: 0·20–0·45 | ND |
| FG | σ = 0·15- 0·72; M: 0·21–0·61; W: 0·09–0·62 | ND | |||||
| Macedo et al. (52) | FR | 9 | 1 month | 3 months | Nutrients | r† = 0·12–0·58; ICC† = D: 0·19–0·73 | r† = 0·09–0·62; ICC† = D: 0·16–0·77 |
| FG | r† = 0·21–0·71; ICC† = D: 0·35–0·84 | ND | |||||
| Babić et al. (24) | 24HR | 3 | ND | Autumn, winter and spring | E&N | r‡ = 0·098–0·482 | r‡ = 0·096–0·471 |
| Gunes et al. (70) | 24HR | 4 | 15 d | Each season | E&N | r† = 0·060–0·468; D: 0·107–0·655 | r† = 0·025–0·534 |
| FG | r† = 0·190–0·630; D: 0·295–0·760 | r† = 0·176–0·611 | |||||
| Denova et al. (45) | 24HR | 2 | 0 | 2–3 d | E&N | r† = 0·26–0·49 | r† = 0·20–0·52; D: 0·30–0·61 |
| Jayawardena et al. (56) | WFR | 7 | ND | ND | E&N | r = 0·09–0·52 | ND |
| Knudsen et al. (15) | FR | 4 | 1–3 d | ND | E&N | ND | r = 0·08–0·63; D: 0·13–0·93 |
| FG | ND | r = 0·17–0·61; D: 0·25–0·75 | |||||
| Gazan et al. (29) | FR | 7 | ND | 0 | E&N | σ = 0·66–0·90 | σ = 0·56–0·90 |
| FG | σ = 0·82–1·00 | σ = 0·82–1·00 | |||||
| Sanjeevi et al. (44) | FR | 3 | ND | ND | E&N |
r‡‡ = 0·36–0·70; D: 0·39–0·76 r¶¶ = 0·37–0·70; D: 0·40–0·76 |
ND |
| Whitton et al. (62) | 24HR | 2 | 1 month | 1–4 months | E&N | r†‖ = 0·10–0·51 | r†‖*** = 0·02–0·47; D: 0·02–0·64 |
| Yuan et al. (43) | FR | 1–4 | 1–2 months | 6 months | E&N | σ = 0·28–0·86; ICC = 0·23–0·86 | σ = 0·36–0·77; 0·37–0·86 †††; D: 0·31–0·84 |
| 24HR | 7 | Each season | E&N | σ = 0·23–0·75; ICC = 0·08–0·50 | σ = 0·15–0·70; 0·20–0·75 †††; D: 0·29–0·77 | ||
| Bijani et al. (55) | 24HR | 2 | ND | ND | E&N | r = M: −0·38–0·53; W: −0·01–0·71 | ND |
| FG | r = M: 0·06–0·62; W: −0·01–0·60 | ND | |||||
| Zack et al. (69) | 24HR | 2 | 0 | 3 d | E&N | Rosner rank correlation coefficient= −0·04–0·26. | Rosner rank correlation coefficient= −0·2–0·26; D: −0·03–0·41 ICC = 0·09–0·38 |
| FG | Rosner rank correlation coefficient= 0·00–0·42; D: 0·00–0·51. ICC = 0·12–0·58 |
ND | |||||
| Aoun et al. (63) | 24HR | 3 | 1 week | 1–2 d | E&N | 0·904–0·998‡‡‡ | 0·783–0·998‡‡‡ |
| FG | 0·906–1·000 | ND | |||||
| Beck et al. (68) | WFR | 4 | ND | 0 | E&N | σ = 0·11–0·59 | σ = 0·23–0·67 |
FR, food record; E&N, energy and nutrients; r, Pearson correlation coefficient; WFR, weighed food record; M, men; W, women; D, de-attenuated; 24HR, 24-hour recall; ND, not described; σ, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient; FG, food groups; DH, diet history; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; USDA, Nutrient database from United States Department of Agriculture; IND, Indian Nutrient Database; U, Urban; R, Rural.
*Adjusted by energy, if not otherwise stated.
†With logarithmic scale transformation.
‡Adjusted only by sex.
§Adjusted only by age.
‖Coefficients from the second SFFQ reported.
¶Adjusted by energy, sex and age.
**It is not clear whether the de-attenuated coefficient was for crude or energy-adjusted values.
††Adjusted only by sex and age.
‡‡With logarithmic scale transformation for some nutrients.
§§Fitted portion size.
‖‖Predefined portion size.
¶¶Assuming uniform intake of multiple foods in a line in the FFQ.
***Adjusted for ethnicity, age and sex.
†††Energy density method (divides the nutrient portion by total energy intake).
‡‡‡Pearson o Spearman’s was used depending on normality distribution.