Table 4.
Results of energy and macronutrient validity for the analysed studies, ordered chronologically
| Reference | Correlation coefficient | Energy (kcal) | Protein (g) | Total fat (g) | Carbohydrates (g) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | ||
| Willet et al. (42) | Pearson† | ND | – | 0·33 | 0·47 | 0·39 | 0·53 | 0·53 | 0·45 |
| Willet et al. (13) | Pearson† | 0·67 | 0·37‡ | 0·6 | 0·43; 0·46‡; 0·53 §; | 0·76 | 0·51; 0·57‡; 0·59§ | 0·6 | 0·51; 0·37‡; 0·55§ |
| Tjønneland et al. (27) | Pearson | M: 0·40; W: 0·23 | – | M: 0·41; W: 0·14 | M: 0·52; W: 0·26 | M: 0·54; W: 0·27 | M: 0·67; W: 0·48 | M: 0·44; W: 0·34 | M: 0·40; W: 0·47 |
| Rimm et al. (39) | Pearson† | 0·40; D: 0·43 | – | 0·25 | 0·38; D: 0·44 | 0·52 | 0·61; D: 0·67 | 0·48 | 0·69; D:0·73 |
| Horwath(66) | Pearson | M: 0·69; W: 0·46 | – | M: 0·78; W: 0·37 | ND | M: 0·63; W: 0·52 | ND | M: 0·63; W: 0·41 | ND |
| Longnecker et al. (51) | Pearson† | 0·38 | – | 0·34 | 0·29; 0·33 §; D: 0·45 § | 0·34 | 0·44; 0·43 §; D: 0·58 § | 0·5 | 0·53; 0·51 §; D: 0·62 § |
| Martín et al. (5) | Pearson† | 0·54; D: 0·57 | – | 0·52 | 0·44; D: 0·56 | 0·41 | 0·41; D: 0·47 | 0·44 | 0·42; D: 0·46 |
| Feskanich et al. (46) | Pearson† | 0·28; D: 0·31 | – | 0·17 | 0·11; D: 0·13 | 0·42 | 0·50; D: 0·57 | 0·27 | 0·62; D: 0·69 |
| Lee et al. (50) | Pearson | 0·50 | – | 0·56 | ND | 0·21 | ND | 0·37 | ND |
| Porrini et al. (21) | Pearson, Spearman‖ | 0·76 | – | 0·65; Bch: 0·71 | ND | 0·77 | ND | 0·49 | ND |
| Ramon et al. (22) | Pearson† | 0·32; D: 0·59 | – | 0·41; D: 0·58 | 0·56 | 0·36; D: 50·2 | 0·48 | 0·34; D: 0·59 | 0·54 |
| Rothenberg(25) | Pearson | 0·66 | – | 0·5 | ND | 0·6 | ND | 0·56 | ND |
| Fidanza et al. (33) | Spearman | 0·53 | – | 0·48 | ND | 0·59 | ND | 0·36 | ND |
| Gnardellis et al. (12) | Pearson†¶** | M: 0·43; D: 0·45 W: 0·32; D: 0·34 |
– | M: 0·51; W: 0·34 | D: M: 0·50; W: 0·29 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Grootenhuis et al. (36) | Pearson | 0·72 | – | 0·69 | ND | 0·7 | ND | 0·72 | ND |
| Bonifacj et al. (30) | Pearson† | 0·40; D: 0·42 | – | 0·29 | 0·22; D: 0·31 | 0·39 | 0·23; D: 0·44 | 0·25 | 0·33; D: 0·27 |
| Friis et al. (35) | Pearson†¶ | 0·27; D: 0·30 | – | 0·28 | 0·41; D: 0·52 | 0·38 | 0·49; D: 0·56 | 0·34 | 0·56; D: 0·63 |
| Kumanyika et al. (49) | Pearson | ND | D: 0·50‡ | ND | D:0·44‡ | ND | D:0·67‡ | ND | D:0·43‡ |
| Ocké et al. (20) | Pearson† | M: 0·71; D: 0·77. W: 0·58; D: 0·62 | – | M: 0·61; D: 0·68. W: 0·51; D: 0·56 | M: 0·62; D: 0·71. W: 0·69; D: 0·67 | M: 0·69; D: 0·74. W: 0·58; D: 0. 63 | M: 0·57; D: 0·61. W: 0·57; D: 0·63 | M: 0·72; D: 0·75. W: 0·66; D: 0·69 | M: 0·71; D: 0·74. W: 0·72; D: 0·76 |
| Hérnandez et al. (47) | Pearson†¶ | 0·50; D: 0·52 | – | 0·43; D: 0·32 | 0·23 | 0·47; D: 0·63 | 0·58 | 0·56; D: 0·57 | ND |
| Klipstein et al. (14) | Pearson | 0·69 | – | 0·73 | 0·66 §; D: 0·63 § | 0·57 | 0·50 §; D: 0·48 § | 0·72 | 0·79 §; D: 0·77 § |
| Smith et al. (67) | Pearson | 0·41 | – | 0·26 | 0·16 | 0·32 | 0·61 | 0·49 | 0·59 |
| Spearman | ND | – | ND | 0·16 | ND | 0·57 | ND | 0·54 | |
| Fregapane and Asensio(34) | Spearman | ND | – | 0·328 | ND | 0·36 | ND | 0·785 | ND |
| ICC | ND | – | 0·261 | ND | 0·327 | ND | 0·786 | ND | |
| Jackson et al. (48) | Pearson† | 0·60 | – | 0·45 | 0·44 | 0·53 | 0·48 | 0·61 | 0·55 |
| Schröder et al. (26) | Pearson | 0·29 | – | 0·29 | ND | 0·17 | ND | 0·31 | ND |
| ICC | 0·19 | – | 0·19 | ND | 0·12 | ND | 0·26 | ND | |
| Tokudome et al. (60) | Pearson | 0·45 | – | 0·40 | ND | 0·57 | ND | 0·47 | ND |
| Pearson† | 0·46; D: 0·48 | – | 0·42 | 0·51; D: 0·53 | 0·57 | 0·46; D: 0·49 | 0·47 | 0·55; D: 0·57 | |
| Spearman | 0·42 | – | 0·43 | 0·45 | 0·53 | 0·48 | 0·48 | 0·55 | |
| Rodríguez et al. (40) | Pearson | 0·64; D: 0·72 | – | 0·53; D: 0·64 | 0·17; D: 0·22 | 0·63; D: 0·73 | 0·56; D: 0·66 | 0·63†; D: 0·71† | 0·59†; D: 0·70† |
| Masson et al. (16) | Pearson† | M: 0·35; W: 0·40 | – | ND | M: 0·53; W: 0·51 | ND | M: 0·54; W: 0·83 | ND | ND |
| Spearman | M: 0·24; W: 0·39 | – | ND | M: 0·25; W: 0·43 | ND | M: 0·42; W: 0·64 | ND | ND | |
| Moreira et al. (17) | Pearson | M: 0·45; W: 0·46 | – | M: 0·46; W: 0·41 | M: 0·38; W: 0·37† | M: 0·27; W: 0·51 | M: 0·58; W: 0·53† | M: 0·57; W: 0·44 | M: 0·39; W: 0·43† |
| Chen et al. (54) | Pearson† | USDA: 0·12; D: 0·17; IND: 0·11; D: 0·14 | – | USDA: 0·16; IND: 0·17 | USDA: 0·30, D: 0·53; IND: 0·29, D: 0·52 | USDA: 0·24; IND: 0·27 | USDA: 0·35, D: 0·70; IND: 0·29, D: 0·56 | USDA: 0·13; IND: 0·11 | USDA: 0·26, D: 0·35; IND: 0·32, D: 0·53 |
| Ke et al. (57) | Pearson | 0·26 | – | 0·25 | 0·24 | 0·32 | 0·34 | 0·27 | 0·41 |
| Pearson† | 0·29 | – | 0·32 | 0·33 | 0·34 | 0·32 | 0·41 | 0·40 | |
| Spearman | 0·31 | – | 0·30 | 0·40 | 0·39 | 0·35 | 0·27 | 0·42 | |
| Nath and Huffman(38) | Pearson | 0·67 | – | 0·14 | -0·34 | 0·59 | 0·00 | 0·42 | 0·55 |
| Roddam et al. (23) | Pearson | 0·29 | – | 0·36 | 0·31 | 0·34 | 0·48 | 0·49 | 0·64 |
| Shatenstein et al. (41) | Spearman | 0·57; M: 0·56; W: 0·45 | – | 0·48; M: 0·12; W: 0·48 | ND | 0·57; M: 0·47; W: 0·53 | ND | 0·43; M: 0·62; W: 0·32 | ND |
| Dumartheray et al. (31) | Pearson | 0·43; 0·40† | – | 0·51; 0·45† | 0·46; 0·46† | 0·36; 0·33† | 0·46; 0·41† | 0·43; 0·44† | 0·62; 0·53† |
| Sudha et al. (59) | Pearson† | 0·48; D: 0·52 | – | 0·52 | 0·37; D: 0·43 | 0·32 | 0·47; D: 0·53 | 0·65 | 0·60; D: 0·67 |
| Nöthlings et al. (19) | Pearson | 0·29††‡‡; 0·27††§§ | – | 0·19††‡‡; 0·19††§§ | 0·33††‡‡; 0·36††§§ | 0·27††‡‡; 0·27††§§ | 0·42††‡‡; 0·53††§§ | 0·37††‡‡; 0·35††§§ | 0·48††‡‡; 0·55††§§ |
| Mullie et al. (18) | Pearson† | 0·52 | – | ND | 0·29 | ND | 0·22 | ND | 0·32 |
| Barret and Gibson(64) | Spearman | ND | – | ND | 0·547 | ND | 0·488 | ND | 0·541 |
| Fernández et al. (32) | Pearson | 0·36 | – | 0·28 | 0·40 | 0·47 | 0·46 | 0·38 | 0·56 |
| ICC | 0·53 | – | 0·44 | 0·55 | 0·63 | 0·62 | 0·55 | 0·55 | |
| Yang et al. (61) | Pearson‖‖ | ND | 0·31–0·36 ¶¶; D: 0·36–0·43 ¶¶ | ND | 0·30–0·34 ¶¶; D: 0·38–0·43 ¶¶; 0·14–0·28*¶¶ | ND | 0·21–0·31¶¶; 0·14–0·28¶¶; 0·23–0·29*¶¶ | ND | 0·38–0·41¶¶; 0·23–0·29 ¶¶; 0·22–0·27*¶¶ |
| Fayet et al. (65) | Pearson† | 0·40 | – | ND | 0·92 ***; D: 0·99 *** | ND | ND | ND | D: 0·40 |
| van Dongen et al. (28) | Pearson | M: 0·53; W: 0·47 | – | M: 0·55; W: 0·42 | ND | M: 0·26; W: 0·29 | ND | M: 0·76; W: 0·63 | ND |
| Bowen et al. (53) | Spearman† | 0·62 | 0·71 | 0·61 | 0·50; D: 0·87 | 0·42 | 0·52; D: 0·57 | 0·69 | 0·52; D: 0·76 |
| Dehghan et al. (37) | Pearson†** | U: 0·44; R: 0·35; D: U: 0·51; R: 0·53 | – | U: 0·26; R: 0·33; D: U: 0·39; R: 0·53 | ND** | U: 0·38; R: 0·34; D: U: 0·50; R: ND | ND** | U: 0·47; R: 0·33; D; U: 0·57; R: 0·46 | ND** |
| Park et al. (58) | Spearman | 0·40; M: 0·21; W: 0·32 | – | 0·32; M: 0·23; W: 0·29 | ND | 0·38; M: 0·34; W: 0·31 | ND | 0·24; M: 0·06; W: 0·27 | ND |
| Macedo et al. (52) | Pearson† | 0·50 | – | 0·41 | 0·38 | 0·48 | 0·10 | 0·45 | 0·16 |
| ICC† | 0·67 | – | D: 0·58 | D: 0·56 | D: 0·64 | D: 0·18 | D: 0·60 | D: 0·27 | |
| Babić et al. (24) | Pearson | 0·41 | 0·34 ¶¶ | 0·29 | 0·32 ¶¶ | 0·4 | 0·37¶¶ | 0·48 | 0·42¶¶ |
| Gunes et al. (70) | Pearson† | 0·47; D: 0·66 | – | 0·38; D: 0·49 | 0·25 | 0·43; D: 0·64 | 0·35 | 0·47; D: 0·63 | 0·53 |
| Denova et al. (45) | Pearson† | 0·45; D: 0·53 | – | 0·37 | 0·20; D: 0·33 | 0·44 | 0·43; D: 0·51 | 0·43 | 0·37; D: 0·49 |
| Jayawardena et al. (56) | Pearson | 0·39 | – | 0·26 | ND | 0·17 | ND | 0·47 | ND |
| Knudsen et al. (15) | Pearson | 0·29; D: 0·33 | – | ND | 0·49, D: 0·56 | ND | 0·56, D: 0·63 | ND | 0·63, D: 0·70 |
| Gazan et al. (29) | Spearman | 0·87 | – | 0·82 | 0·81 | 0·86 | 0·86 | 0·87 | 0·87 |
| Sanjeevi et al. (44) | Pearson††† | 0·70, D: 0·74 | – | 0·53, D: 0·57 | ND | ND | ND | 0·65, D: 0·70 | ND |
| Whitton et al. (62) | Pearson†¶ | 0·11 | 0·02; D: 0·02 | 0·36 *** | 0·28***‡‡‡; D: 0·45***‡‡‡ | 0·33 *** | 0·30***‡‡‡; D: 0·39***‡‡‡ | 0·25 *** | 0·15***‡‡‡; D: 0·20***‡‡‡ |
| Yuan et al. (43) | Spearman (FR)¶ | 0·28; D: 0·31 | – | 0·33 | 0·48; 0·48§§§ D: 0·54 | 0·36 | 0·59; 0·59§§§;D: 0·67 | 0·41 | 0·65; 0·66§§§; D: 0·69 |
| Spearman (24HR)¶ | 0·30; D: 0·40 | – | 0·30 | 0·37; 0·38§§§; D: 0·54 | 0·34 | 0·55; 0·55§§§; D: 0·76 | 0·44 | 0·58; 0·58§§§; D: 0·73 | |
| Bijani et al. (55) | Pearson | M: 0·53; W: 0·71 | – | M: 0·39; W: 0·55 | ND | M: 0·49; W: 0·46 | ND | M: 0·52; W: 0·69 | ND |
| Zack et al. (69) | Rosner† | 0·12 | – | 0·20 | 0·11; D: 0·22 | 0·21 | 0·09; D: 0·22 | 0·07 | 0·16; D: 0·25 |
| ICC | 0·38 | – | ND | 0·18 | ND | 0·20 | ND | 0·26 | |
| Aoun et al. (63) | Pearson, Spearman‖ | 0·998 | – | 0·996 | 0·989 | 0·996 | 0·986 | 0·996 | 0·989 |
| Beck et al. (68) | Spearman | 0·32 | – | 0·32 | 0·49 | 0·50 | 0·54 | 0·38 | 0·49 |
ND, not described; M, men; W, women; D, de-attenuated; Bch, biochemical analyses; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; USDA, Nutrient database from United States Department of Agriculture; IND, Indian Nutrient Database; U, urban; R, Rural; FR, food record; 24HR, 24-hour recall.
*Adjusted by energy, if not otherwise stated.
†With logarithmic scale transformation.
‡Adjusted by sex and age.
§Adjusted by energy–age–sex.
‖Pearson’s correlation was used for variables with normal distributions and Spearman’s for non-parametrically distributed variables.
¶Coefficients from the second SFFQ are reported.
**It is not clear whether the coefficients were for raw or adjusted values.
††Averaged values for male and female subjects.
‡‡Fitted portion size.
§§Predefined portion size.
‖‖Displayed as a range because correlation coefficients are shown for each season of the year.
¶¶Adjusted by sex.
***Presented as percentage of energy.
†††With logarithmic scale transformation for some nutrients.
‡‡‡Adjusted for ethnicity, age and sex.
§§§Energy density method (divides the nutrient portion by total energy intake).