Table 1.
Summary of clinical research of TFL for Urolithiasis.
| Author | Year | Area | Design | N | Settings | Stone Characteristics | Outcomes | Complications (C-D) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volume (mm3) | Density (HU) | MOT (min) | LOT (min) | Other | |||||||
| Shah21 | 2020 | PCNL | Prospective | 54 | 0.1 to 1 J; 100 to 300 Hz. | 2338 ± 1997 | 1301 ± 435 | 39.85 ± 20.52 | 10.08 ± 7.41 | Stone fragmentation rate was 5.02 ± 3.93 mm3/s. Optimal initial laser setting: 0.2 J and 125–200 Hz | Grade II: 3 |
| Enikeev24 | 2020 | PCNL | Prospective | 120 | 6–40 W; 7–300 Hz; 0.1–4.0 J | NR | 1019 ± 375 | 23.4 ± 17.9 | 5.0 ± 5.7 | Mean total energy for stone ablation 3.6 ± 4.3 kJ | Grade I: 14 Grade II: 5 Grade IIIa: 6 |
| Enikeev25 | 2020 | FURSL | Prospective | 40 | Peak/average power of 500/50 W. Two dusting regimens: 0.5 J x 30 Hz = 15 W and 0.15 J x 200 Hz = 30 W |
883 (IQR: 606–1664) | 880 ± 381 | 24.1 ± 10.9 | 4 (1.6–6.4)* | Median total energy for stone ablation: 5.6 (IQR 2.3–10.0) kJ | Grade I: 3 Grade II: 1 |
| Enikeev26 | 2020 | FURSL | Prospective | 149 | NR | 179 (94–357)* | 985 ± 360 | <60 | 1.2 (0.5–2.7)* | Median (IQR) total energy for lithotripsy 1.0 (0.4–2) kJ; median stone ablation speed 140 (80–279) mm3/min, median ablation efficacy 5.6 (3–9.9) J/mm3; median energy consumption 0.9 (0.6–1) J/min. | Grade I–II: 6 |
Note: *median (IQR).
Abbreviations: TFL, Thulium Fiber Laser; PCNL, percutaneous nephrolithotomy; FURSL, Flexible Ureteroscopy with Lithotripsy; C-D, Clavien-Dindo; LUTS; NR, not reported; MOT, mean operative time; LOT, Laser on time; HU, Hounsfield Units.