Table 1.

Measurements and hypotheses.

Category	Measurement	Hypothesis
Socio-demographic factors
Age	In years (open box)	H1.1: FRT acceptance is higher among older citizens
Gender	0 = male, 1 = female	H1.2: FRT acceptance is higher among female citizens
Income	Germany, UK, US: 1 = Under 250, 2 = 250–500, 3 = 500–1000 . . . 12 = more than 15,000, 99 = Prefer not to say (in local currency); China: 1 = under 700, 2 = 700–1400, 3 = 1400 –2100 . . . 12 = more than 28,000, 99 = prefer not to say (in CNY); regrouped: 1 = Low (1–3), 2 = Medium (4–6), 3 = High (7–12), 99 = Prefer not to say (99)	H1.3: FRT acceptance is higher among citizens with higher income
Education	1 = I don’t have formal education, 2 = High school diploma or equivalent, 3 = Vocational training, 4 = Bachelor’s degree, 5 = Master’s or Doctorate’s degree	H1.4: FRT acceptance is higher among citizens with more education
Ethnic Group	0 = Minority, 1 = Majority, 99 = Don’t know, dummy variable created: 0 = Majority/Don’t know, 1 = Minority	H1.5: FRT acceptance is higher among ethnic majority
Living in rural or urban area	0 = Rural, 1 = City	H1.6: FRT acceptance is higher among citizens living in urban areas
Experience
Exposure to FRT	Use occasions 1 = smartphone use, 2 = smart devices or gadgets, 3 = public streets, 4 = railway, subway stations, 5 = customs control or security check at airports, 6 = tourist attractions, 7 = identity verification for financial matters, 8 = shopping malls, private shops, 9 = schools or universities, 10 = private households, 11 = others, 12 = none of the above	H2.1 FRT acceptance is higher among citizens who have been exposed to many instances of FRT
Frequency of FRT use	Frequency in private use 1 = Never, 2 = Several times in my life, 3 = Several times a year, 4 = Several times a month, 5 = Several times a week, 6 = Most days, 7 = Everyday Frequency in public use 1 = Never, 2 = Several times in my life, 3 = Several times a year, 4 = Several times a month, 5 = Several times a week, 6 = Most days, 7 = Everyday	H2.2: FRT acceptance is higher among citizens who have used FRT privately at higher frequencies H2.3: FRT acceptance is higher among citizens who have been exposed to higher frequencies of public use
Perceptions
Consequences	1 = Convenience, 2 = Privacy violation, 3 = Efficiency, 4 = Discrimination, 5 = Security, 6 = Surveillance, 7 = None of the above	FRT acceptance is higher among citizens who think FRT will enhance convenience (H3.1), efficiency (H3.2), and security (H3.3). FRT acceptance is lower among citizens who think FRT will enhance privacy violation (H3.4), discrimination (H3.5), and surveillance (H3.6)
Usefulness	1 = Smartphone usage, 2 = Smart devices and gadgets, 3 = Public streets, 4 = Railway, subway stations, 5 = Customs control or security, 6 = Tourist attractions, 7 = Identity verification for financial matters, 8 = Shopping malls, private shops, 9 = Schools or universities, 10 = Private households, 11 = None of the above	H3.7: FRT acceptance is higher when citizens perceive the technology to be useful in one or several of the areas/occasions
Reliability	1 = Less reliable, 2 = Neither more nor less, 3 = More reliable, 99 = Don’t know, for regression dummy variable: 0 = Less reliable/Neither more nor less/Don’t know, 1 = More reliable	H3.8: FRT acceptance is higher among citizens who think FRT is more reliable than other identification technologies

FRT: facial recognition technology.