Table 2.
Different subtypes of IAV NS1 proteins induce apoptosis in various cell types.
| IAV | Cell line | Mechanism of apoptosis induction | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| A/Chicken/shaanxi/01/2011 (H9N2) | COEC (chicken oviduct epithelial cells) | Activating ROS accumulation and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling induces apoptosis in COECs | (Qi et al., 2016) |
| A/chicken/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013(H7N9) | A549 | Increasing the phosphorylation of p53 and inducing mitochondrial impairment leading to the accumulation of p53 | (Yan et al., 2016) |
| A/Beijing/501/2009 (H1N1) | A549 | Interacting with cellular β-tubulin, disrupting normal cell division and inducing apoptosis | (Han et al., 2012) |
| A/Aquatic bird/India/NIV-17095/2007(H11N1) | 293T | Down-regulation of HSP90 expression to induce apoptosis | (Mukherjee et al., 2012) |
| A/chicken/Jilin/2003 virus (H5N1) | Human alveolar basal epithelial cells | Inducing apoptosis via the caspase-dependent pathway | (Zhang et al., 2010) |
| A/chicken/Jilin/2003 (H5N1) A/swine/Colorado/1/1977 (H3N2) |
A549 | Competing with apaf-1 for binding hsp90 leads to apaf-1 oligomerization, which in turn promotes apaf-1 interaction with cytc, leading to activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3, leading to apoptosis. | (Zhang et al., 2011) |
| A/HongKong/483/97 (H5N1) | Human airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292 cells) | Activating the death receptor signaling cascades, and triggering the caspase cascade, resulting in apoptosis | (Lam et al., 2008) |
| A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) | Primary human macrophages | Controlling caspase-1 activation, thus repressing the maturation of pro-IL1b-, pro-IL18- and caspase-1-dependent apoptosis | (Stasakova et al., 2005) |
| A/Turkey/Ontario/7732/66 (H5N9) |
MDCK/HeLa | Triggering the caspase cascade, resulting in apoptosis | (Schultz-Cherry et al., 2001) |