Table 1. Characteristics of Study Participants.
The number and proportion (for categorical variables) or mean and standard deviation (for continuous variables) for each characteristic is presented for all participants (n = 462) and those who were HCV-negative at baseline (n = 266)
| All Participants | HCV-Neg Participants | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
|
Sociodemographic Characteristics
| |||
| Women | 174 (37.7%) | 93 (35.0%) | |
|
| |||
| Age ± s.d. | 35.6 ± 11.0 | 32.5 ± 10.0 | |
|
| |||
| Race/Ethnicity | African-American | 29 (6.8%) | 17 (6.4%) |
| Hispanic | 40 (8.6%) | 27 (10.1%) | |
| White, non-Hispanic | 389 (84.2%) | 219 (83.3%) | |
| Other/Bi-racial | 4 (0.9%) | 3 (1.1%) | |
|
| |||
| Educational achievement | Less than high dchool | 87 (18.8%) | 47 (17.7%) |
| High dchool | 195 (42.2%) | 115 ($3.2%) | |
| More than high dchool | 180 (40.0%) | 104 (39.1%) | |
|
| |||
| Employment status | Full-time | 61 (13.2%) | 39 (14.7%) |
| Part-time | 72 (15.6%) | 47 (17.7%) | |
| Unemployed | 329 (71.2%) | 179 (67.3%) | |
|
| |||
| Monthly income | < $500 | 148 (32.0%) | 93 (35.0%) |
| $500 – $999 | 99 (21.4%) | 51 (19.2%) | |
| $1000 – $1999 | 133 (28.8%) | 72 (27.1%) | |
| ≥ $2000 | 82 (17.8%) | 50 (19.5%) | |
|
| |||
| Health insurance | None | 97 (21.0%) | 65 (24.4%) |
| Private | 40 (8.6%) | 26 (9.8%) | |
| Government | 277 (60.0%) | 145 (54.5%) | |
| Missing | 48 (10.4%) | 30 (11.3%) | |
|
| |||
| Health | |||
|
| |||
| Self-reported health status | Excellent/very good | 154 (33.3%) | 93 (35.0%) |
| Good | 174 (37.7%) | 110 (41.3%) | |
| Fair/poor | 134 (29.0%) | 63 (23.7%) | |
|
| |||
| Experiencing chronic pain1 | 152 (32.9%) | 85 (32.0%) | |
|
| |||
| Depression2 | None/mild | 244 (52.8%) | 156 (58.6%) |
| Moderate/severe | 218 (47.2) | 110 (41.4%) | |
|
| |||
| Anxiety3 | None/mild | 345 (74.7%) | 203 (76.3%) |
| Moderate/severe | 117 (25.3%) | 63 (23.7%) | |
|
| |||
| Experience of opioid overdose | 143 (31.0%) | 63 (23.7%) | |
|
| |||
| Drug Use and Injection Practices | |||
|
| |||
| Drug of choice, past 30 days | Heroin | 417 (90.3%) | 242 (91.0%) |
| Cocaine | 26 (5.6%) | 20 (7.5%) | |
|
| |||
| Injection frequency, past 30 days4 | 50.6 ± 53.6 mode = 30 | 53.5 ± 55.6 mode = 31 | |
|
| |||
| Usual site for acquiring syringes, past 30 days | Pharmacy | 343 (74.2%) | 194 (72.9%) |
| Syringe exchange program | 16 (3.5%) | 8 (3.0%) | |
| Other | 100 (21.6%) | 62 (23.3%) | |
|
| |||
| Shared syringes, past 30 days5 | At least once | 101 (21.9%) | 61 (22.9%) |
| Never | 360 (77.9%) | 205 (77.1%) | |
|
| |||
| Any form of unsafe injection, past 30 days | At least once | 378 (81.8%) | 210 (78.8%) |
| Never | 84 (18.2%) | 56 (21.1%) | |
|
| |||
| Interactions with Substance Abuse Treatment and Criminal Justice Systems | |||
|
| |||
| Any substance abuse treatment, ever | 358 (77.5%) | 185 (69.8%) | |
|
| |||
| Short-term detoxification | Ever | 307 (66.4%) | 159 (59.8%) |
| Last 6 months | 79 (17.1%) | 51 (11.0%) | |
|
| |||
| Longer-term abstinence6 | Ever | 290 (62.8%) | 150 (56.4%) |
| Last 6 months | 70 (15.2%) | 54 (20.3%) | |
|
| |||
| Opioid agonist treatment7 | Ever | 294 (63.6%) | 155 (58.3%) |
| Last 6 months | 27 (5.8%) | 17 (6.4%) | |
|
| |||
| Ever arrested | 415 (89.8%) | 230 (86.5%) | |
|
| |||
| Ever jailed or imprisoned8 | 332 (71.9%) | 171 (64.3%) | |
|
| |||
| Ever convicted | 284 (61.5%) | 140 (52.6%) | |
|
| |||
| Number of times jailed | 7.23 ± 9.0 | 5.9 ± 6.9 | |
NOTES
Chronic pain was measured using the Brief Pain Inventory.14
Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).15
Anxiety was measured using the Beck Anxiety Index.16
Number of injections per month was capped at 200.
Unsafe injection practices include sharing of syringes, other injection paraphernalia, or drugs once dissolved.
Refers to both in-patient and out-patient abstinence-based programs.
Refers to both methadone and buprenorphine treatment.
Jailed refers to pre-conviction incarceration and imprisoned refers to post-conviction incarceration.