Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristics | Value (N=24,526) | |
| Female, n (%) | 12,446 (50.8%) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 50.1 (16.6) | |
| Educational attainment, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
University degree or higher | 7915 (32.3%) |
|
|
College degreea | 4581 (18.7%) |
|
|
High school diploma or lower | 12,030 (49.1%) |
| Urbanicity of residence, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
Urban | 14,666 (59.8%) |
|
|
Rural | 9560 (40.2%) |
| Income level, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
High | 5458 (22.3%) |
| Medium | 6814 (27.8%) | |
| Low | 7151 (29.2%) | |
|
|
Not answered | 5103 (20.8%) |
| Employment status, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
Employer | 1011 (4.1%) |
| Self-employed | 1892 (7.7%) | |
| Employee | 12,623 (51.5%) | |
| Unemployed | 9000 (36.7%) | |
| Marital status, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
Married | 16,102 (65.7%) |
| Never married | 5413 (22.1%) | |
| Widowed | 1606 (6.6%) | |
| Separated | 1403 (5.7%) | |
| Household size, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
1 | 4152 (16.9%) |
| 2 | 8386 (34.2%) | |
| 3 | 5547 (22.6%) | |
| 4 | 4124 (16.8%) | |
| ≥5 | 2317 (9.5%) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
Never | 12,186 (49.7%) |
|
|
Ever | 7423 (30.3%) |
|
|
Current | 4917 (20.0%) |
| Self-rated good healthb, n (%) | 9839 (40.1%) | |
| Walking disability, n (%) | 3142 (12.8%) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
Overweight | 5202 (21.2%) |
|
|
Hypertension | 5086 (20.7%) |
| Diabetes | 1911 (7.8%) | |
| Asthma | 1450 (5.9%) | |
| Coronary disease | 923 (3.8%) | |
| Stroke | 459 (1.9%) | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 332 (1.4%) | |
| Cancer | 774 (3.2%) | |
|
|
Psychological disorder | 1848 (7.5%) |
aCollege includes junior, community, and vocational college.
bSelf-rated good health was defined as very good or good using the 5-point Likert scale question, which asked if self-rated health status was very good, good, moderate, bad, or very bad.