Table 3.
Annual percentage change in incidence of 12 vaccine-preventable infectious diseases among different immunization eras in Shanghai, China, from 1953 to 2018.
| VPDs | Pre-planned immunization era (1953–1977) |
Planned immunization era (1978–2007) |
EPI era (2008–2018) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APC* | (95% CI)* | P value | APC* | (95% CI) * | P value | APC* | (95% CI) * | P value | |
| Measles | −5.2 | (−11.9 to 2.0) | 0.148 | −5.9 | (−9.0 to −2.7) | <0.001 | −9.7 | (−20.4 to 2.5) | 0.102 |
| Pertussis | −11.1 | (−16.6 to −5.1) | 0.001 | −24.2 | (−29.4 to −18.6) | <0.001 | / | / | / |
| ECM | 18.2 | (4.0 to 34.4) | 0.013 | −11.8 | (−16.3 to −7.1) | <0.001 | / | / | / |
| JE | 2.4 | (−7.0 to 12.9) | 0.611 | −12.3 | (−16.9 to −7.4) | <0.001 | / | / | / |
| Diphtheria | −8.3 | (−15.7 to −0.3) | 0.043 | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| Polio | −19.4 | (−34.3 to −1.2) | 0.040 | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| Hepatitis† | −0.7 | (−5.0 to 3.8) | 0.752 | −10.9 | (−21.5 to 1.1) | 0.073 | 24.9 | (16.8 to 33.7) | <0.001 |
| Hepatitis A | – | – | – | −7.8 | (−11.9 to −3.5) | 0.002 | 3.1 | (−4.2 to 11.0) | 0.367 |
| Hepatitis B | – | – | – | −4.0 | (−6.7 to −1.1) | 0.001 | 32.0 | (19.1 to 46.4) | <0.001 |
| Hepatitis C | – | – | – | 25.0 | (12.8 to 38.5) | <0.001 | 17.3 | (7.4 to 28.2) | 0.002 |
| Hepatitis E | – | – | – | 3.6 | (−10.4 to 19.7) | 0.596 | 3.5 | (−2.5 to 9.8) | 0.223 |
| Unclassified | −0.7 | (−5.0 to 3.8) | 0.752 | −6.3 | (−20.1 to 9.9) | 0.412 | −19.3 | (−29.3 to −7.9) | 0.005 |
| Tuberculosis | – | – | – | −4.2 | (−5.1 to −3.2) | <0.001 | −2.2 | (−4.8 to 0.4) | 0.087 |
| Mumps | – | – | – | −18.5 | (−22.9 to −13.7) | <0.001 | −5.7 | (−9.3 to −2.0) | 0.008 |
| Rubella | – | – | – | −33.0 | (−68.0 to 40.3) | 0.267 | −15.4 | (−24.8 to −4.8) | 0.011 |
| Varicella | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.9 | (2.1 to 9.8) | 0.006 |
| HFMD | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11.8 | (4.9 to 19.0) | 0.003 |
| Total | −7.8 | (−11.7 to −3.7) | <0.001 | −8.7 | (−15.4 to −1.6) | 0.020 | 9.5 | (6.2 to 12.8) | <0.001 |
VPDs: vaccine-preventable disease; EPI: The Expanded Program on Immunization; ECM: Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis; JE: Japanese encephalitis; HFMD: hand, foot, and mouth disease; APC: Annual percentage changes.
Values that consist of a single hyphen (-) indicate missing data.
Values that consist of a forward slash (/) indicate that APC could not be calculated due to years of non-reporting cases.
values are in percentage (%).
Hepatitis cases in China have been typed since 1990, first into hepatitis A and hepatitis B, and then into hepatitis C and hepatitis E in 1997, but there are still some cases of hepatitis that have not been classified. Therefore, we combined all hepatitis cases together as one VPD and futher divided hepatitis into five subgroups for analysis.