Table 2.
Response at the last witnessed overdose, by overdose prevention training.
| Type of response | Total (N = 186) % (n)a | Trained (n = 70) % (n)a | Untrained (n = 116) % (n)a | p-Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recommended response | ||||
| 911 call | 48.4 (90) | 48.6 (34) | 48.3 (56) | .97 |
| Naloxone use | 15.6 (29) | 32.9 (23) | 5.2 (6) | <.001 |
| Rescue breathing/CPR | 14.5 (27) | 11.4 (8) | 16.4 (19) | .35 |
| Additional response | ||||
| Slapped, hit or pinched the person | 19.9 (37) | 18.6 (13) | 20.7 (24) | .73 |
| Put water in the person’s face | 18.8 (35) | 17.1 (12) | 19.8 (23) | .65 |
| Kept the person awake | 13.4 (25) | 5.7 (4) | 18.1 (21) | .02 |
| Put the person in a cold bath or shower | 2.2 (4) | 1.4 (1) | 2.6 (3) | .60 |
| Took the person to the ER/hospital | 1.1 (2) | 0 | 1.7 (2) | .27 |
| Injected the person with milk | 0.5 (1) | 1.4 (1) | 0 | .20 |
| Injected the person with salt | 0.5 (1) | 0 | 0.9 (1) | .44 |
| Injected the person with another drug | 0.5 (1) | 0 | 0.9 (1) | .44 |
| Other actionsb | 19.4 (36) | 18.6 (13) | 19.8 (23) | .83 |
| Lack of any responsec | 17.7 (33) | 12.9 (9) | 20.7 (24) | .18 |
a
Response percentages can exceed 100% because participants could select multiple answers.
b
In open-ended answers following the endorsement of ‘Other’ category, 3 participants indicated they used sternal rub, 12 participants sought help from others, and 21 participants were involved in other activities.
c
In open-ended answers following the endorsement of ‘Did nothing’ category, 21 participants indicated that the lack of action was related to the involvement of other people in overdose response.
*
Bolded p-values (<.05) indicate significant differences between trained and untrained groups.