Table 2.
Patient characteristics that contribute to delays according to the site of recruitment (N = 414).
| Characteristic | Community Health Center n = 138 (33·3%) |
Public hospital n = 106 (25·6%) |
Private hospital n = 104 (25·1%) |
Private Practitioner n = 66 (15·9%) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) | 36·2 (27–49) | 31·3 (23–46) | 39·7 (24–52) | 31·8 (24–47) | 0·08 |
| Male | 80 (58·0) | 61 (57·5) | 61 (58·7) | 36 (54·5) | 0·96 |
| Education | |||||
| Primary school or less | 32 (23·2) | 20 (18·9) | 23 (22·1) | 17 (25·8) | 0·27 |
| Secondary school | 27 (19·6) | 12 (11·3) | 22 (21·2) | 9 (13·6) | |
| Senior high school | 66 (47·8) | 61 (57·5) | 50 (48·1) | 28 (42·4) | |
| University or higher education | 13 (9·4) | 13 (12·3) | 9 (8·6) | 12 (18·2) | |
| Employment status | |||||
| Employed | 87 (63·0) | 64 (60·4) | 58 (55·8) | 43 (65·2) | 0·88 |
| Unemployed | 14 (10·1) | 13 (12·3) | 15 (14·4) | 8 (12·1) | |
| Other (student/housewife/retired) | 37 (26·8) | 29 (27·4) | 31 (29·8) | 15 (22·7) | |
| Household income/month, USDa | |||||
| ≤230 | 80 (58·0) | 38 (35·8) | 48 (46·2) | 16 (24·2) | <0·001 |
| >230 | 48 (34·8) | 51 (48·1) | 44 (42·3) | 43 (65·2) | |
| Refused to answer/ don't know | 10 (7·2) | 17 (16·1) | 12 (11·5) | 7 (10·6) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 87 (63·0) | 57 (53·8) | 66 (63·5) | 35 (53·0) | 0·27 |
| Single/divorced/widowed | 51 (37·0) | 49 (46·2) | 38 (36·5) | 31 (47·0) | |
| Insurance | 74 (53·6) | 84 (79·2) | 94 (90·4) | 44 (66·7) | <0·001 |
| Distance to closest CHC | |||||
| ≤ 5 km | 132 (95·7) | 92 (86·8) | 101 (97·1) | 63 (95·5) | 0·01 |
| > 5 km | 6 (4·3) | 14 (13·2) | 3 (2·9) | 3 (4·5) | |
| Level of TB knowledge | |||||
| Poor | 56 (40·6) | 41 (38·7) | 62 (59·6) | 43 (65·2) | <0·001 |
| Good | 82 (59·4) | 65 (61·3) | 42 (40·4) | 23 (34·8) | |
| History of contact with a TB patient | 56 (40·6) | 29 (27·4) | 20 (19·2) | 16 (13·2) | 0·002 |
| Smoking within the past year | 69 (50·0) | 38 (35·8) | 49 (47·1) | 24 (36·4) | 0·08 |
| Comorbiditiesb | |||||
| HIV | 1 (0·7) | 2 (1·9) | 1 (1·0) | 0 (0·0) | 0·64 |
| Diabetes | 10 (7·2) | 7 (6·6) | 11 (10·6) | 6 (9·1) | 0·71 |
| Cardiovascular disease* | 6 (4·3) | 14 (13·2) | 21 (20·2) | 3 (4·5) | 0·02 |
| TB symptomsc | |||||
| Cough | 131 (94·9) | 97 (91·5) | 80 (76·9) | 59 (89·4) | <0·001 |
| Hemoptysis | 39 (28·3) | 22 (20·8) | 18 (17·3) | 14 (21·2) | 0·21 |
| Fever | 119 (86·2) | 79 (74·5) | 68 (65·4) | 39 (59·1) | <0·001 |
| Weight loss | 118 (85·5) | 83 (78·3) | 61 (58·7) | 46 (69·7) | <0·001 |
| Night sweats | 93 (67·4) | 74 (69·8) | 58 (55·8) | 41 (62·1) | 0·14 |
| No symptoms | 2 (1·4) | 2 (1·9) | 6 (5·8) | 3 (4·5) | 0·20 |
| TB diagnosis | |||||
| Smear positive | 103 (74·6) | 57 (53·8) | 30 (28·8) | 55 (45·5) | <0·001 |
| Smear negative, x-ray positive | 35 (25·4) | 42 (39·6) | 42 (40·4) | 38 (31·4) | |
| X-ray positive, no smear examination | 0 | 5 (4·7) | 29 (27·9) | 27 (22·3) | |
| Other⁎⁎ | 0 | 2 (1·9) | 3 (2·9) | 1 (0·8) | |
| Duration of cough prior to diagnosis, days, median (IQR) | 68 (36–125) | 35 (16–66) | 63 (34–122) | 53 (32–95) | <0·001 |
| Duration of cough prior to presentation to formal HCP, days, median (IQR) | 31 (30–92) | 30 (7–55) | 15 (7–31) | 30 (14–31) | <0·001 |
| Received antibiotics prior to TB diagnosis | 99 (71·7) | 73 (68·9) | 65 (62·5) | 43 (65·2) | 0·71 |
a
USD=United States dollar (1 USD = 13,755 Indonesian Rupiah).
b
Comorbidities were self-reported by the patients.
c
More than one TB symptom may be indicated.
⁎
Cardiovacular disease includes hypertension, heart disease, dyslipidemia.
⁎⁎
3 (0·7%) patients were diagnosed using PCR-TB (Xpert) and 3 (0·7%) by IGRA test. CHC Community Health Center, HCP=Healthcare provider, IQR=Interquartile range, TB=tuberculosis.