Table 4.
Factors associated with patient, diagnostic and treatment delay (N = 414).
| Patient delay⁎⁎ (>30 days) |
Diagnostic delay (>7 days) |
Treatment delay (>2 days) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Crude OR (CI) | p value | Adjusted OR* (CI) | p value | Crude OR (CI) | p value | Adjusted OR* (CI) | p value | Crude OR (CI) | p value | Adjusted OR* (CI) | p value |
| Age, median (IQR) | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) | 0·5 | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) | 0·6 | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) | 0·5 | 0·9 (0·9–1·0) | 0·3 | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) | 0·1 | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) | 0·9 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1·2 (0·8–1·8) | 0·4 | 1·6 (1·0–2·7) | 0·05 | 1·3 (0·8–2·1) | 0·3 | 0·7 (0·5–1·8) | 0·9 | 0·7 (0·5–1·2) | 0·2 | 0·9 (0·5–1·5) | 0·7 |
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Up to secondary school | 1·8 (1·2–2·6) | 0·01 | 1·9 (1·1–3·1) | 0·02 | 0·8 (0·5–1·3) | 0·4 | 0·6 (0·4–1·1) | 0·1 | 1·6 (1·0–2·6) | 0·04 | 1·6 (0·9–2·9) | 0·1 |
| High school or greater | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Employment | ||||||||||||
| Unemployed | 1·1 (0·8–1·7) | 0·6 | 1·4 (0·8–2·3) | 0·3 | 0·7 (0·5–1·2) | 0·2 | 0·7 (0·4–1·2) | 0·2 | 0·9 (0·6–1·5) | 0·8 | 0·9 (0·5–1·5) | 0·6 |
| Employed | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Average household income/month, USD | ||||||||||||
| 0–230 | 1·3 (0·83–1·90) | 0·3 | 0·9 (0·6–1·4) | 0·6 | 0·9 (0·4–2·1) | 0·9 | 1·2 (0·4–3·1) | 0·8 | 1·4 (0·9–2·3) | 0·2 | 1·2 (0·7–2·0) | 0·6 |
| ≥231 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Insurance | ||||||||||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| No | 2·4 (1·5–3·7) | <0·01 | 2·1 (1·2–3·5) | 0·01 | 1·2 (0·8–1·9) | 0·4 | 1·9 (1·0–3·6) | 0·04 | 0·9 (0·5–1·5) | 0·6 | 0·8 (0·4–1·4) | 0·4 |
| Comorbidities (HIV/DM/Hypertension) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0·9 (0·5–1·5) | 0·6 | 1·5 (0·8–3·2) | 0·3 | 1·3 (0·7–2·4) | 0·5 | 1·4 (0·7–3·0) | 0·4 | 1·3 (0·7–2·5) | 0·4 | 1·0 (0·5–2·3) | 0·9 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Level of TB knowledge | ||||||||||||
| Poor | 1·0 (0·7–1·5) | 0·9 | 0·9 (0·5–1·7) | 0·7 | 0·9 (0·6–1·5) | 0·9 | 1·4 (0·8–2·5) | 0·2 | 1·1 (0·7–1·7) | 0·7 | 1·0 (0·6–1·7) | 0·9 |
| Good | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Number of visits to HCP before diagnosis | ||||||||||||
| <6 visits | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| ≥6 visits | 10·9 (6·0–19·8) | <0·001 | 12·4 (6·3–24·6) | <0·001 | 1·9 (1·2–2·9) | 0·01 | 2·2 (1·2–3·9) | 0·01 | ||||
| Type of HCP visited at initial presentation prior to TB diagnosis | ||||||||||||
| Informal provider | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Private practitioner | 1·2 (0·7–2·1) | 0·6 | 2·6 (1·3–5·2) | 0·01 | 0·9 (0·5–1·5) | 0·7 | 0·7 (0·4–1·4) | 0·3 | ||||
| CHC | 0·6 (0·3–1·2) | 0·2 | 1·2 (0·6–2·7) | 0·6 | 0·9 (0·5–1·9) | 0·9 | 0·6 (0·3–1·4) | 0·2 | ||||
| Public or private hospital | 0·2 (0·1–0·4) | <0·001 | 0·6 (0·3–1·4) | 0·2 | 1·9 (0·9–3·9) | 0·07 | 1·9 (0·8–4·6) | 0·2 | ||||
| Site of TB diagnosis | ||||||||||||
| CHC | Reference | Reference | ||||||||||
| Private practitioner | 1·0 (0·5–2·1) | 0·9 | 5·7 (1·6–21·1) | 0·01 | ||||||||
| Public hospital | 0·7 (0·4–1·4) | 0·3 | 1·3 (0·5–3·2) | 0·6 | ||||||||
| Private hospital | 1·3 (0·7–2·4) | 0·7 | 0·8 (0·2–4·1) | 0·8 | ||||||||
⁎
Adjusted for site of recruitment.
⁎⁎
13 people did not present with symptoms and were therefore excluded from this delay calculation. CHC Community Health Center, HCP=Healthcare provider, OR=Odds ratio, CI=Confidence interval, TB=tuberculosis, USD=United States dollar.