Table 4.
Risk factors attributable to disability-adjusted life years due to upper and lower respiratory infections by sex in China, 2019.
| Risk factors | Percentage (%) of disability-adjusted life years (95% UI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper respiratory infections |
Lower respiratory infections |
|||||
| Both sexes | Males | Females | Both sexes | Males | Females | |
| All risk factors | 0•15 (0•08, 0•36) | 0•15 (0•08, 0•35) | 0•15 (0•07, 0•37) | 72•50 (67•45, 77•23) | 73•75 (68•90, 78•38) | 70•43 (64•74, 75•64) |
| Environmental/occupational risks | 0•05 (0•03, 0•10) | 0•05 (0•03, 0•10) | 0•05 (0•03, 0•10) | 38•74 (31•32, 46•34) | 38•18 (30•79, 45•76) | 39•07 (31•63, 46•63) |
| Unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 4•10 (1•65, 6•69) | 4•05 (1•63, 6•61) | 4•12 (1•67, 6•69) |
| No access to handwashing facility | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 4•10 (1•65, 6•69) | 4•05 (1•63, 6•61) | 4•12 (1•67, 6•69) |
| Air pollution | 0•05 (0•03, 0•10) | 0•05 (0•03, 0•10) | 0•05 (0•03, 0•10) | 26•55 (18•69, 35•20) | 26 (18•30, 34•64) | 26•96 (19•08, 35•73) |
| Particulate matter | 0•05 (0•03, 0•10) | 0•05 (0•03, 0•10) | 0•05 (0•03, 0•10) | 26•55 (18•69, 35•20) | 26 (18•30, 34•64) | 26•96 (19•08, 35•73) |
| Ambient particulate matter | 0•04 (0•02, 0•08) | 0•04 (0•02, 0•08) | 0•04 (0•02, 0•08) | 19•66 (13•79, 26•24) | 19•88 (13•85, 26•62) | 19•35 (13•63, 25•74) |
| Household pollution from solid fuels | 0•01 (0•01, 0•03) | 0•01 (0•01, 0•03) | 0•01 (0•01, 0•03) | 6•89 (3•15, 12•29) | 6•12 (2•74, 11•06) | 7•61 (3•57, 13•77) |
| Non-optimal temperature | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 13•32 (8•76, 17•67) | 13•24 (8•72, 17•62) | 13•28 (8•70, 17•56) |
| High temperature | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0•67 (0•06, 1•19) | 0•71 (0•07, 1•28) | 0•66 (0•06, 1•17) |
| Low temperature | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 12•69 (7•93, 16•99) | 12•58 (7•90, 16•81) | 12•66 (8•00 16•87) |
| Behavioural risks | 0•12 (0•05, 0•31) | 0•12 (0•05, 0•31) | 0•11 (0•04, 0•31) | 55•52 (49•33, 60•96) | 58•02 (52•16, 63•24) | 51•93 (44•77, 58•03) |
| Child and maternal malnutrition | 0•12 (0•05, 0•31) | 0•12 (0•05, 0•31) | 0•11 (0•04, 0•31) | 34•58 (27•07, 40•71) | 29•98 (23•30, 36•15) | 38•73 (30•36, 45•68) |
| Suboptimal breastfeeding | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 4•59 (3•12, 6•13) | 4•00 (2•67, 5•38) | 5•11 (3•44, 6•86) |
| Non-exclusive breastfeeding | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 4•59 (3•12, 6•13) | 4•00 (2•67, 5•38) | 5•11 (3•44, 6•86) |
| Child growth failure | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 23•56 (16•56, 29•20) | 20•35 (13•96, 25•92) | 26•53 (18•42, 32•83) |
| Child underweight | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 1•62 (0•77, 3•57) | 1•36 (0•65, 2•96) | 1•88 (0•93, 3•99) |
| Child malnutrition | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 21•62 (11•83, 28•47) | 18•66 (10•01, 25•19) | 24•37 (13•62, 31•99) |
| Child stunting | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 3•02 (0•05, 9•79) | 2•55 (0•04, 8•48) | 3•51 (0•05, 11•19) |
| Low birth weight and short gestation | 0•12 (0•05, 0•31) | 0•12 (0•05, 0•31) | 0•11 (0•04, 0•31) | 9•43 (8•28, 10•54) | 8•22 (6•86, 9•45) | 10•49 (9•05, 11•88) |
| Short gestation | 0•08 (0•03, 0•20) | 0•08 (0•03, 0•19) | 0•07 (0•03, 0•21) | 6•05 (5•27, 6•79) | 5•12 (4•27, 5•95) | 7•01 (6•03, 7•97) |
| Low birth weight | 0•10 (0•04, 0•26) | 0•10 (0•04, 0•25) | 0•10 (0•04, 0•28) | 7•99 (7•00, 8•95) | 6•87 (5•77, 7•91) | 9•05 (7•84, 10•28) |
| Tobacco | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 26•13 (20•44, 31•83) | 31•11 (25•65, 36•60) | 20•45 (14•18, 26•68) |
| Smoking | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 10•73 (8•25, 13•44) | 18•44 (14•50, 22•67) | 2•14 (1•37, 3•10) |
| Second-hand smoke | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 16•48 (10•78, 22•21) | 14•41 (9•42, 19•55) | 18•66 (12•28, 24•96) |
| Alcohol use | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 2•81 (1•32, 4•19) | 4•95 (2•44, 7•33) | 0•49 (0•13, 0•92) |
Abbreviation: UI, uncertainty interval.