Reagents and conditions as follows: a) dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal in DMF under reflux; b) sodium periodate in 1:1 THF to DI water at room temperature; c) propargyl zinc bromide in THF at 0 °C; d) ethyl 4-azidobutanoate, CuSO4, and sodium ascorbate in 9:1 methanol to DI water at room temperature; e) 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate, anhydrous pyridine, and DMAP in anhydrous DCM at 0 °C; f) azido-tetraethyleneglycol-amine, anhydrous pyridine, and DMAP in anhydrous DCM at 0 °C to room temperature; and g) LiOH in 2:1 THF to DI water at room temperature.