Figure 2:

Study results regarding the presence of a positive association between industry payments and prescribing. Results are shown on the level of the overall study (2A) and the individual analyses (2B). For studies, results were characterized as “all positive” (all analyses within that study had a positive association) or “mixed” (some analyses within that study had a positive association and some were null). For individual analyses, results were characterized as “positive” (increased industry payments associated with increased prescribing), “inverse” (increased industry payments associated with reduced prescribing), or “null” (no statistically significant association). Individual outcomes were also characterized as having assessed for a temporal association (+Temp/−Dose), a dose-response association (−Temp/+Dose), neither (−Temp/−Dose), or both (+Temp/+Dose).