FIG 2.

ROS measurement by fluorimeter. (A) Comparative analysis between E. coli RZ211 ROS measurement after incubation with ciprofloxacin and incubation with ciprofloxacin plus an antioxidant. (B) ROS concentration in E. coli RZ211 after induction with several antibiotics. (C) Production of ROS by clinical strains with and without exposure to ciprofloxacin. CIP, ciprofloxacin; LEV, levofloxacin; TMP, trimethoprim; FOS, fosfomycin; AMX, amoxicillin; NIT, nitrofurantoin; CFX, cephalexin; ERY, erythromycin; EDA, edaravone; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; pCA, p-coumaric acid. Antibiotics at 1/2 the MIC and antioxidant molecules at 0.1 mM were used for all the experiments. Three independent replicates were performed. The data are means and standard deviations (SD). *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001.