Figure 4.

Vertical ground reaction force, and computed muscle generated and tibial compression forces during running with a typical rear-foot strike pattern. The external ground reaction force has two peaks—an initial rapidly reached impact peak (IP) and a second slower, but higher magnitude active peak (AP). Internal muscle generated and tibial compressive forces, computed via subject-specific musculoskeletal modeling, far exceed ground reaction forces and peak near the active peak of the ground reaction force. The later peak of tibial forces has raised the question of the relative contribution of initial foot-ground impact versus later muscle generated forces in BSI genesis. Image adapted from: Matijevich E, Scott L, Volgyesi P, Derry K, Zelik K. Combining wearable sensor signals, machine learning and biomechanics to estimate tibial bone force and damage during running. Human Movement Science 2020;74:102690, with permission from Elsevier.