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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Geriatr Nurs. 2021 Jun 2;42(4):869–879. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.04.014
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Total score
Johnson 2003 Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y 7
Rawtaer 2018 Y Y Y N Y U Y Y Y 7
Ziv 2008 Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y 8
1.

Is it clear in the study what is the ‘cause’ and what is the ‘effect’ (i.e. there is no confusion about which variable comes first)?

2.

Were the participants included in any comparisons similar?

3.

Were the participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care, other than the exposure or intervention of interest?

4.

Was there a control group?

5.

Were there multiple measurements of the outcome both pre and post the intervention/exposure?

6.

Was follow up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow up adequately described and analyzed?

7.

Were the outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way?

8.

Were outcomes measured in a reliable way?

9.

Was appropriate statistical analysis used?