TABLE 3.
Unadjusted means, norm comparisons, and percent impairment by treatment group
| Focal | CSI | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRT | XRT | PRT | XRT | |||||||||||||||||
| Variable | M (SD) | t | p | d | Impaired % | M (SD) | t | p | d | Impaired % | M (SD) | t | p | d | Impaired % | M (SD) | t | p | d | Impaired % |
| FSIQ | 99.5 (15.9) | 0.16 | 0.88 | 0.03 | 13.3 | 89.7 (12.7) | 2.07 | 0.04 | 0.69 | 15.4 | 87.7 (19.5) | 3.16 | 0.00 | 0.81 | 28.6 | 68.3 (18.0) | 7.31 | <0.01 | 2.11 | 76.5 |
| VCI | 103.2 (12.0) | −1.10 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 3.3 | 96.6 (14.7) | 0.69 | 0.49 | 0.23 | 15.4 | 91.8 (20.1) | 2.05 | 0.05 | 0.54 | 28.6 | 76.8 (15.5) | 5.37 | <0.01 | 1.55 | 64.7 |
| PRI | 104.3 (17.7) | −1.46 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 10.0 | 92.4 (17.7) | 1.51 | 0.13 | 0.50 | 23.1 | 92.0 (22.8) | 1.77 | 0.09 | 0.53 | 17.9 | 78.5 (19.7) | 4.96 | <0.01 | 1.43 | 58.8 |
| WMI | 97.0 (16.2) | 1.02 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 10.0 | 97.7 (9.7) | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.16 | 15.4 | 91.7 (18.9) | 2.75 | 0.01 | 0.55 | 17.9 | 72.1 (19.2) | 6.44 | <0.01 | 1.85 | 76.5 |
| PSI | 89.0 (18.6) | 3.75 | <0.01 | 0.73 | 30.0 | 76.9 (11.7) | 4.62 | <0.01 | 1.54 | 46.2 | 78.8 (12.9) | 6.93 | <0.01 | 1.42 | 46.4 | 66.8 (13.0) | 7.68 | <0.01 | 2.22 | 82.4 |
| Fine Motor | 89.9 (23.8) | 2.21 | 0.04 | 0.66 | 26.7 | 75.1 (15.8) | 4.98 | <0.01 | 1.66 | 53.9 | 66.3 (34.3) | 4.81 | <0.01 | 2.15 | 60.7 | 44.2 (39.2) | 4.93 | <0.01 | 3.61 | 82.4 |
| Switching (Verbal) | 100.2 (22.8) | −0.05 | 0.96 | 0.01 | 26.7 | 82.8 (16.8) | 3.44 | <0.01 | 1.15 | 38.5 | 92.4 (14.4) | 2.43 | 0.02 | 0.51 | 17.9 | 79.6 (20.3) | 4.52 | <0.01 | 1.36 | 64.7 |
| Switching (Graphomotor) | 95.5 (19.8) | 1.08 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 30.0 | 80.6 (14.2) | 3.89 | <0.01 | 1.30 | 38.5 | 80.7 (17.3) | 6.18 | <0.01 | 1.29 | 46.4 | 70.5 (19.8) | 6.53 | <0.01 | 1.96 | 76.5 |
| Inhibition/Switching | 99.8 (14.7) | 0.07 | 0.94 | 0.01 | 23.3 | 80.0 (21.2) | 4.00 | <0.01 | 1.33 | 38.5 | 94.6 (17.3) | 1.70 | 0.09 | 0.36 | 32.1 | 75.0 (17.5) | 5.52 | <0.01 | 1.66 | 58.8 |
| Verbal Learning | 102.5 (19.3) | −0.67 | 0.51 | 0.17 | 20.0 | 92.0 (19.9) | 1.60 | 0.11 | 0.53 | 30.8 | 88.8 (19.4) | 2.88 | 0.01 | 0.74 | 32.1 | 82.0 (21.3) | 2.93 | 0.01 | 1.19 | 52.9 |
| Verbal Memory | 101.4 (20.5) | −0.36 | 0.72 | 0.09 | 16.7 | 90.8 (18.7) | 1.83 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 23.1 | 90.4 (22.1) | 2.17 | 0.04 | 0.63 | 21.4 | 78.8 (21.7) | 3.40 | 0.01 | 1.41 | 64.7 |
| Visual Learning | 101.5 (18.5) | −0.52 | 0.60 | 0.10 | 10.0 | 96.1 (20.9) | 0.78 | 0.44 | 0.26 | 15.4 | 90.0 (21.3) | 2.34 | 0.03 | 0.66 | 25.0 | 72.3 (14.2) | 6.13 | <0.01 | 1.85 | 76.5 |
| Visual Memory | 104.2 (19.8) | −1.09 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 13.3 | 101.7 (19.0) | −0.33 | 0.74 | 0.11 | 7.7 | 95.8 (17.1) | 1.40 | 0.16 | 0.28 | 14.3 | 76.8 (12.5) | 5.12 | <0.01 | 1.55 | 64.7 |
| Attention | ||||||||||||||||||||
| d′ | 104.0 (15.7) | −1.34 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 13.3 | 97.5 (8.1) | 0.44 | 0.66 | 0.17 | 23.1 | 101.0 (14.80) | −0.30 | 0.76 | 0.06 | 17.9 | 97.2 (18.6) | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.19 | 11.8 |
| Omissions | 95.2 (16.6) | 1.64 | 0.10 | 0.32 | 3.3 | 93.1 (20.3) | 1.23 | 0.22 | 0.47 | 15.4 | 95.5 (18.0) | 1.40 | 0.16 | 0.30 | 10.7 | 88.3 (20.6) | 2.47 | 0.01 | 0.78 | 11.8 |
| Comissions | 104.2 (15.0) | −1.41 | 0.16 | 0.28 | 16.7 | 100.1 (9.0) | −0.01 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 15.4 | 102.8 (15.3) | −0.88 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 21.4 | 97.0 (13.7) | 0.63 | 0.53 | 0.20 | 11.8 |
| Academics | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Reading Fluency | 93.3 (18.0) | 2.17 | 0.03 | 0.44 | 23.3 | 77.6 (8.3) | 4.49 | <0.01 | 1.50 | 46.2 | 80.6 (19.6) | 6.44 | <0.01 | 1.28 | 42.9 | 67.2 (18.6) | 7.58 | <0.01 | 2.18 | 82.4 |
| Math Fluency | 89.5 (17.4) | 3.50 | <0.01 | 0.70 | 33.3 | 80.1 (13.8) | 3.98 | <0.01 | 1.33 | 30.8 | 80.6 (15.6) | 6.44 | <0.01 | 1.29 | 42.9 | 63.6 (14.6) | 8.41 | <0.01 | 2.43 | 88.2 |
| Writing Fluency | 91.7 (20.9) | 2.89 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 26.7 | 83.6 (12.8) | 3.29 | <0.01 | 1.10 | 38.5 | 81.2 (18.0) | 6.24 | <0.01 | 1.24 | 53.6 | 67.2 (16.8) | 7.58 | <0.01 | 2.19 | 82.4 |
Note. All unadjusted means are provided in standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15). FSIQ = Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, VCI = Verbal Comprehension Index, PRI = Perceptual Reasoning Index, WMI = Working Memory Index, PSI = Processing Speed Index. Means that differ significantly from the population mean at p < 0.05 are bolded. Means that are bolded and italicized differ from the population mean at p < 0.01. Cohen’s d effect sizes are calculated using the group mean and population means as well as their respective standard deviations. All effect sizes are absolute values. The percentage of participants impaired was based on a cut-off standard score of 78 ( z < −1.5).