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. 2021 Jul 27;11:15223. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94624-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quantitative mRNA of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in circulating leukocytes of patients with COVID-19 on admission day. Expression of PRRs (mRNA) was measured in circulating leukocytes. Compared to the CONTROL group (N = 17 patients), increased mRNA transcription was observed for TLRs 3, 7, 9, RIGI, and NLRP3 in COVID-19 patients, while TLR8 was decreased. No significant difference in mRNA transcription for TLRs 7, 8 and 9, RIG, or NLRP3 was observed between COVID-19 MILD (N = 29 patients) and COVID-19 SEVERE (N = 50 patients) groups. On the other hand, TLR3 mRNA was decreased, while TLR4 mRNA was increased in COVID-19 SEVERE group when compared to COVID-19 MILD group. P values were calculated using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test in R software (version 4.0.3 for macOS).