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. 2021 Jul 27;11:15223. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94624-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quantitative mRNA of cytokines in circulating leukocytes of patients with COVID-19 on admission day. Expression of mRNAs of cytokines was measured in circulating leukocytes. IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ, and IL-18 were increased in COVID-19 patients (N = 79 patients; 29 MILD and 50 SEVERE) when compared to CONTROL subjects (N = 17 patients). Pro-IL-1β mRNA was decreased in COVID-19 patients when compared to CONTROL subjects. No difference in IFN-γ expression was observed between CONTROL and COVID-19 patients. P values were calculated using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test in R software (version 4.0.3 for macOS).